39 research outputs found

    La stimulation de la cétogenÚse chez l'humain par une supplémentation en triglycérides de moyennes chaßnes

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    Le vieillissement de la population est reliĂ© Ă  l’augmentation de la prĂ©sence de certaines maladies comme les dĂ©clins cognitifs ou les dĂ©mences de type Alzheimer. Chez les personnes Ă  risques de dĂ©velopper ces dĂ©mences, une diminution prĂ©coce du mĂ©tabolisme cĂ©rĂ©bral du glucose peut ĂȘtre observĂ©e avant mĂȘme l’apparition des premiers symptĂŽmes. Ce dĂ©ficit Ă©nergĂ©tique pourrait expliquer la cascade qui mĂšne au dĂ©veloppement des dĂ©clins cognitifs. Les cĂ©tones sont des molĂ©cules produites par le corps Ă  partir de la lipolyse des acides gras qui ont dĂ©jĂ  dĂ©montrĂ© leur efficacitĂ© comme substrat Ă©nergĂ©tique de substitution pour le cerveau. L’utilisation de triglycĂ©rides de moyennes chaĂźnes (MCT), des acides gras facilement absorbables et oxydables, est un moyen efficace pour augmenter les cĂ©tones rapidement mais transitoirement. Notre objectif Ă©tait de voir s’il Ă©tait possible d’augmenter les cĂ©tones plasmatiques et de maintenir une concentration modĂ©rĂ©e sur 24 h avec une supplĂ©mentation quotidienne en MCT. Dix participants ont d’abord reçu une supplĂ©mentation de 2 semaines d’une Ă©mulsion de MCT (3 fois par jour). Leur concentration plasmatique de cĂ©tones mais aussi de glucose, de cholestĂ©rol, de triglycĂ©rides et d’acides gras libres Ă©tait mesurĂ©e au dĂ©but et Ă  la fin de la supplĂ©mentation. Huit participants ont par la suite reçu une supplĂ©mentation de 4 semaines de l’émulsion de MCT (4 fois par jour). En plus des paramĂštres mentionnĂ©s prĂ©cĂ©demment, des mesures d’oxydation de MCT, Ă  l’aide d’un traceur 13C-trioctanoate, d’oxydation des cĂ©tones, Ă  l’aide d’un traceur de 13C-bĂȘta-hydroxybutyrate ((30Hb), et des mesures de composition corporelle Ă©taient effectuĂ©es. Dans les deux Ă©tudes, les analyses plasmatiques ont dĂ©montrĂ© une augmentation significative des cĂ©tones plasmatiques (jusqu’à 0,47 ± 0 ,1 5 mM), qui semblait plus soutenue lors de la deuxiĂšme Ă©tude. Aucune autre modification n’a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e dans les analyses plasmatiques. Une diminution de l’oxydation du traceur 13C-trioctanoate dans les heures suivant la prise puis une hausse Ă  24 h suivant la supplĂ©mentation montre un changement dans l’utilisation des MCT, donc une plus grande conversion en cĂ©tones. Aucun changement n’a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© avec le traceur 13C-(30Hb. Aucune variation de la composition corporelle n’a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e. Ces Ă©tudes montrent la capacitĂ© des MCT Ă  augmenter et Ă  maintenir une concentration de cĂ©tones durant 24 h Ă  des niveaux lĂ©gers chez un adulte en santĂ©.Abstract : Aging leads to the development of many diseases among which is cognitive decline associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In populations who are at risk of developing cognitive decline, it has been noted that a marked brain glucose hypometabolism precedes the onset of other clinical symptoms such as [beta]-amyloid accumulation. This hypometabolism could therefore be responsible for the development of AD. Ketone bodies are energetic molecules that are produced by the liver following the (3-oxidation of fatty acids. They already have been showed to be able to sustain brain metabolism as the principal energy source. Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) are easily absorbed and metabolised fatty acids. They can raise plasma ketones rapidly but transiently. Our objective was to determine whether it was possible to raise and maintain a moderate plasma ketone concentration over 24 h in healthy adults. Ten participants were first given a 2 week supplementation of MCT (3 times a day). Plasma ketone, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acids were measured. Another 8 participants were given a 4 week supplementation of MCT (4 times a day). In addition to the measures taken in the first project, MCT oxidation; with [indice supĂ©rieur 13] C-trioctanoate, ketone oxidation; with [indice supĂ©rieur 13] C-beta-hydroxybutyrate and body composition were measured. In both projects, plasma ketone concentration were raised (to a maximum of 0.48 ± 0.15 mM) and appeared to be more stable in the second project. All other plasma measures were unchanged. Significantly lower [indice supĂ©rieur 13] C-trioctanoate oxidation was detected during the 2 to 5 hours following the tracer absorption after the supplementation and a marked augmentation was detected 24 h following the supplementation. This indicates a shift in MCT utilization by the body from immediate energy source to ketone precursor. No changes were noted in [beta]OHb oxidation or in body composition. These studies show the ability of MCT to raise and maintain a moderate level of ketones in plasma when taken daily in healthy adults

    Exploring the association between Alzheimer’s disease, oral health, microbial endocrinology and nutrition

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    Longitudinal monitoring of patients suggests a causal link between chronic periodontitis and the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the explanation of how periodontitis can lead to dementia remains unclear. A working hypothesis links extrinsic inflammation as a secondary cause of AD. This hypothesis suggests a compromised oral hygiene leads to a dysbiotic oral microbiome whereby Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone periodontal pathogen, with its companion species, orchestrates immune subversion in the host. Brushing and chewing on teeth supported by already injured soft tissues leads to bacteraemias. As a result, a persistent systemic inflammatory response develops to periodontal pathogens. The pathogens, and the host’s inflammatory response, subsequently lead to the initiation and progression of multiple metabolic and inflammatory co-morbidities, including AD. Insufficient levels of essential micronutrients can lead to microbial dysbiosis through the growth of periodontal pathogens such as demonstrated for P. gingivalis under low hemin bioavailability. An individual’s diet also defines the consortium of microbial communities that take up residency in the oral and gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiomes. Their imbalance can lead to behavioural changes. For example, probiotics enriched in Lactobacillus genus of bacteria, when ingested, exert some anti-inflammatory influence through common host/bacterial neurochemicals, both locally, and through sensory signalling back to the brain. Early life dietary behaviours may cause an imbalance in the host/microbial endocrinology through a dietary intake incompatible with a healthy GI tract microbiome later in life. This imbalance in host/microbial endocrinology may have a lasting impact on mental health. This observation opens up an opportunity to explore the mechanisms, which may underlie the previously detected relationship between diet, oral/GI microbial communities, to anxiety, cognition and sleep patterns. This review suggests healthy diet based interventions that together with improved life style/behavioural changes may reduce and/or delay the incidence of AD

    The loss of P2X7 receptor expression leads to increase intestinal glucose transit and hepatic steatosis

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    In intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), it was reported that the activation of the P2X7 receptor leads to the internalization of the glucose transporter GLUT2, which is accompanied by a reduction of IEC capacity to transport glucose. In this study, we used P2rx7−/− mice to decipher P2X7 functions in intestinal glucose transport and to evaluate the impacts on metabolism. Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed the presence of GLUT2 at the apical domain of P2rx7−/− jejunum enterocytes. Positron emission tomography and biodistribution studies demonstrated that glucose was more efciently delivered to the circulation of knockout animals. These fndings correlated with increase blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides and cholesterol levels. In fact, P2rx7−/− mice had increased serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels and displayed glucose intolerance and resistance to insulin. Finally, P2rx7−/− mice developed a hepatic steatosis characterized by a reduction of Acaca, Acacb, Fasn and Acox1 mRNA expression, as well as for ACC and FAS protein expression. Our study suggests that P2X7 could play a central role in metabolic diseases

    Brain energy rescue:an emerging therapeutic concept for neurodegenerative disorders of ageing

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    The brain requires a continuous supply of energy in the form of ATP, most of which is produced from glucose by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, complemented by aerobic glycolysis in the cytoplasm. When glucose levels are limited, ketone bodies generated in the liver and lactate derived from exercising skeletal muscle can also become important energy substrates for the brain. In neurodegenerative disorders of ageing, brain glucose metabolism deteriorates in a progressive, region-specific and disease-specific manner — a problem that is best characterized in Alzheimer disease, where it begins presymptomatically. This Review discusses the status and prospects of therapeutic strategies for countering neurodegenerative disorders of ageing by improving, preserving or rescuing brain energetics. The approaches described include restoring oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, increasing insulin sensitivity, correcting mitochondrial dysfunction, ketone-based interventions, acting via hormones that modulate cerebral energetics, RNA therapeutics and complementary multimodal lifestyle changes

    Study of a ketogenic stimulation in healthy adults : effect of ketosis on brain energy metabolism

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    Le cerveau humain est un organe trĂšs mĂ©taboliquement actif. Cet Ă©norme besoin Ă©nergĂ©tique l’expose Ă  un risque accru de dĂ©tĂ©rioration causĂ©e par un dĂ©rĂšglement de ce mĂ©tabolisme. Dans la phase prĂ©coce de la maladie d’Alzheimer, un hypomĂ©tabolisme cĂ©rĂ©bral du glucose est observĂ©. Cette carence Ă©nergĂ©tique serait Ă  l’origine des dĂ©tĂ©riorations observĂ©e lors du dĂ©veloppement de cette maladie. Le cerveau a accĂšs Ă  une autre source endogĂšne d’énergie : les cĂ©tones. Les cĂ©tones sont particuliĂšrement importantes pour le cerveau puisqu’il ne possĂšde pas la capacitĂ© d’utiliser les acides gras comme source Ă©nergĂ©tique Ă  l’instar des autres organes. Les cĂ©tones sont issues de la ÎČ-oxydation hĂ©patique des acides gras. Ils sont produits en situation de jeĂ»ne lorsque les niveaux circulants de glucose et d’insuline sont bas. Les cĂ©tones se sont dĂ©jĂ  montrĂ© efficaces dans le traitement de divers troubles neurologiques comme l’épilepsie. Par contre, outre les diĂštes cĂ©togĂšnes et le jeĂ»ne prolongĂ©, il n’existe pas de traitement efficace pour maintenir une cĂ©tonĂ©mie modĂ©rĂ©e chez l’adulte. Le mĂ©tabolisme Ă©nergĂ©tique cĂ©rĂ©bral en situation de cĂ©tose modĂ©rĂ©e reste encore mal compris dans cette population. Les travaux de cette thĂšse se sont donc concentrĂ©s Ă  Ă©tudier la possibilitĂ© d’une combinaison d’approche nutritionnelle et pharmacologique afin de stimuler la cĂ©togenĂšse chez l’adulte. Ils ont aussi explorĂ© les changements de mĂ©tabolisme cĂ©rĂ©bral chez l’adulte durant une cĂ©tose modĂ©rĂ©e. L’objectif de la premiĂšre Ă©tude Ă©tait d’étudier le potentiel du bezafibrate Ă  stimuler la cĂ©togenĂšse induite par une supplĂ©mentation en triglycĂ©rides de moyennes chaĂźnes (MCT). Cette premiĂšre Ă©tude a dĂ©montrĂ© que le bezafibrate avait peu d’effet sur la stimulation de la cĂ©togenĂšse induite par les MCT et que le facteur limitant dans cette stimulation Ă©tait donc la disponibilitĂ© des substrats et non la capacitĂ© cĂ©togĂšne des cellules hĂ©patiques. L’objectif de la seconde Ă©tude Ă©tait d’étudier les changements de capture des cĂ©tones et du glucose au cerveau durant un Ă©tat de cĂ©tose modĂ©rĂ©e chez l’adulte. Les rĂ©sultats de cette deuxiĂšme Ă©tude ont montrĂ© que la capture des cĂ©tones au cerveau est directement proportionnelle Ă  leur concentration plasmatique. Cette Ă©tude a aussi dĂ©montrĂ© que la capture cĂ©rĂ©brale des cĂ©tones Ă©tait directement reliĂ©e Ă  leur concentration plasmatique alors que la capture cĂ©rĂ©brale du glucose est modulĂ©e par les besoins Ă©nergĂ©tiques du cerveau. Une stimulation cĂ©togĂ©nique chez des personnes atteintes de dĂ©clin cognitif pourrait donc aider Ă  rĂ©tablir la balance Ă©nergĂ©tique et ralentir l’apparition des symptĂŽmes chez ces personnes mais cet effet devra ĂȘtre Ă©tudiĂ© dans une Ă©tude ultĂ©rieure.Abstract : The human brain is the most metabolically active organ of the body. This high need for energy exposes it to an increase risk in case of hypometabolism. Such a glucose hypometabolism is seen during the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. This factor is believed to be one of the cause of the disease. Ketones are the main alternate substrate for the human brain. Ketones are particularly important since, unlike other organs, the brain can not use fatty acids as alternative fuel. Ketones are mainly produce through ÎČ-oxidation of fatty acid by the liver. This happens mainly during fasting when circulating levels of glucose and insulin are low. Studies have shown that ketones can have a therapeutic effect in a variety of neurological diseases, mainly epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease. Nevertheless, apart from ketogenic diet and prolonged fasting, there is currently no effective ways to induce and maintain moderate ketosis in adults. Brain energy metabolism under moderate ketosis remains also misunderstood in this population. This thesis aimed look at the effect of a combination of a pharmacological treatment and a nutritional supplementation to induce moderate sustain ketosis in adults. It also studied the effect of a moderate ketosis on brain energy metabolism in adults. The aim of the first study was to study the effect of a pharmacological treatment, bezafibrate, on the potentiation of the ketogenic effect induced by a medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. The results of this study that bezafibrate had little effect on the ketosis induced by a MCT supplementation and, therefore, that the limiting factor in human ketosis was not the liver cells capacity to produce ketones but the availability of substrates for ketogenesis. The aim of the second study was to study the impact of a nutritional moderate ketosis on brain glucose and ketone uptake. The results of this study showed a direct correlation between brain ketone uptake and plasma ketone concentrations. This study also showed that brain ketone uptake is regulated by blood ketone concentration whereas brain glucose uptake is regulated by the brain energy needs. Further studies should then look if such a moderate ketosis induced in cognitively impaired patients could re-equilibrate the energy balance in the brain and then slow the apparition of clinical symptoms in this population

    La stimulation de la cétogenÚse chez l'humain par une supplémentation en triglycérides de moyennes chaßnes

    No full text
    RĂ©sumĂ© : Le vieillissement de la population est reliĂ© Ă  l’augmentation de la prĂ©sence de certaines maladies comme les dĂ©clins cognitifs ou les dĂ©mences de type Alzheimer. Chez les personnes Ă  risques de dĂ©velopper ces dĂ©mences, une diminution prĂ©coce du mĂ©tabolisme cĂ©rĂ©bral du glucose peut ĂȘtre observĂ©e avant mĂȘme l’apparition des premiers symptĂŽmes. Ce dĂ©ficit Ă©nergĂ©tique pourrait expliquer la cascade qui mĂšne au dĂ©veloppement des dĂ©clins cognitifs. Les cĂ©tones sont des molĂ©cules produites par le corps Ă  partir de la lipolyse des acides gras qui ont dĂ©jĂ  dĂ©montrĂ© leur efficacitĂ© comme substrat Ă©nergĂ©tique de substitution pour le cerveau. L’utilisation de triglycĂ©rides de moyennes chaĂźnes (MCT), des acides gras facilement absorbables et oxydables, est un moyen efficace pour augmenter les cĂ©tones rapidement mais transitoirement. Notre objectif Ă©tait de voir s’il Ă©tait possible d’augmenter les cĂ©tones plasmatiques et de maintenir une concentration modĂ©rĂ©e sur 24 h avec une supplĂ©mentation quotidienne en MCT. Dix participants ont d’abord reçu une supplĂ©mentation de 2 semaines d’une Ă©mulsion de MCT (3 fois par jour). Leur concentration plasmatique de cĂ©tones mais aussi de glucose, de cholestĂ©rol, de triglycĂ©rides et d’acides gras libres Ă©tait mesurĂ©e au dĂ©but et Ă  la fin de la supplĂ©mentation. Huit participants ont par la suite reçu une supplĂ©mentation de 4 semaines de l’émulsion de MCT (4 fois par jour). En plus des paramĂštres mentionnĂ©s prĂ©cĂ©demment, des mesures d’oxydation de MCT, Ă  l’aide d’un traceur 13C-trioctanoate, d’oxydation des cĂ©tones, Ă  l’aide d’un traceur de 13C-bĂȘta-hydroxybutyrate ((30Hb), et des mesures de composition corporelle Ă©taient effectuĂ©es. Dans les deux Ă©tudes, les analyses plasmatiques ont dĂ©montrĂ© une augmentation significative des cĂ©tones plasmatiques (jusqu’à 0,47 ± 0 ,1 5 mM), qui semblait plus soutenue lors de la deuxiĂšme Ă©tude. Aucune autre modification n’a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e dans les analyses plasmatiques. Une diminution de l’oxydation du traceur 13C-trioctanoate dans les heures suivant la prise puis une hausse Ă  24 h suivant la supplĂ©mentation montre un changement dans l’utilisation des MCT, donc une plus grande conversion en cĂ©tones. Aucun changement n’a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© avec le traceur 13C-(30Hb. Aucune variation de la composition corporelle n’a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e. Ces Ă©tudes montrent la capacitĂ© des MCT Ă  augmenter et Ă  maintenir une concentration de cĂ©tones durant 24 h Ă  des niveaux lĂ©gers chez un adulte en santĂ©. // Abstract : Aging leads to the development of many diseases among which is cognitive decline associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In populations who are at risk of developing cognitive decline, it has been noted that a marked brain glucose hypometabolism precedes the onset of other clinical symptoms such as [beta]-amyloid accumulation. This hypometabolism could therefore be responsible for the development of AD. Ketone bodies are energetic molecules that are produced by the liver following the (3-oxidation of fatty acids. They already have been showed to be able to sustain brain metabolism as the principal energy source. Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) are easily absorbed and metabolised fatty acids. They can raise plasma ketones rapidly but transiently. Our objective was to determine whether it was possible to raise and maintain a moderate plasma ketone concentration over 24 h in healthy adults. Ten participants were first given a 2 week supplementation of MCT (3 times a day). Plasma ketone, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acids were measured. Another 8 participants were given a 4 week supplementation of MCT (4 times a day). In addition to the measures taken in the first project, MCT oxidation; with [indice supĂ©rieur 13] C-trioctanoate, ketone oxidation; with [indice supĂ©rieur 13] C-beta-hydroxybutyrate and body composition were measured. In both projects, plasma ketone concentration were raised (to a maximum of 0.48 ± 0.15 mM) and appeared to be more stable in the second project. All other plasma measures were unchanged. Significantly lower [indice supĂ©rieur 13] C-trioctanoate oxidation was detected during the 2 to 5 hours following the tracer absorption after the supplementation and a marked augmentation was detected 24 h following the supplementation. This indicates a shift in MCT utilization by the body from immediate energy source to ketone precursor. No changes were noted in [beta]OHb oxidation or in body composition. These studies show the ability of MCT to raise and maintain a moderate level of ketones in plasma when taken daily in healthy adults

    Study of a ketogenic stimulation in healthy adults : effect of ketosis on brain energy metabolism

    No full text
    Le cerveau humain est un organe trĂšs mĂ©taboliquement actif. Cet Ă©norme besoin Ă©nergĂ©tique l’expose Ă  un risque accru de dĂ©tĂ©rioration causĂ©e par un dĂ©rĂšglement de ce mĂ©tabolisme. Dans la phase prĂ©coce de la maladie d’Alzheimer, un hypomĂ©tabolisme cĂ©rĂ©bral du glucose est observĂ©. Cette carence Ă©nergĂ©tique serait Ă  l’origine des dĂ©tĂ©riorations observĂ©e lors du dĂ©veloppement de cette maladie. Le cerveau a accĂšs Ă  une autre source endogĂšne d’énergie : les cĂ©tones. Les cĂ©tones sont particuliĂšrement importantes pour le cerveau puisqu’il ne possĂšde pas la capacitĂ© d’utiliser les acides gras comme source Ă©nergĂ©tique Ă  l’instar des autres organes. Les cĂ©tones sont issues de la ÎČ-oxydation hĂ©patique des acides gras. Ils sont produits en situation de jeĂ»ne lorsque les niveaux circulants de glucose et d’insuline sont bas. Les cĂ©tones se sont dĂ©jĂ  montrĂ© efficaces dans le traitement de divers troubles neurologiques comme l’épilepsie. Par contre, outre les diĂštes cĂ©togĂšnes et le jeĂ»ne prolongĂ©, il n’existe pas de traitement efficace pour maintenir une cĂ©tonĂ©mie modĂ©rĂ©e chez l’adulte. Le mĂ©tabolisme Ă©nergĂ©tique cĂ©rĂ©bral en situation de cĂ©tose modĂ©rĂ©e reste encore mal compris dans cette population. Les travaux de cette thĂšse se sont donc concentrĂ©s Ă  Ă©tudier la possibilitĂ© d’une combinaison d’approche nutritionnelle et pharmacologique afin de stimuler la cĂ©togenĂšse chez l’adulte. Ils ont aussi explorĂ© les changements de mĂ©tabolisme cĂ©rĂ©bral chez l’adulte durant une cĂ©tose modĂ©rĂ©e. L’objectif de la premiĂšre Ă©tude Ă©tait d’étudier le potentiel du bezafibrate Ă  stimuler la cĂ©togenĂšse induite par une supplĂ©mentation en triglycĂ©rides de moyennes chaĂźnes (MCT). Cette premiĂšre Ă©tude a dĂ©montrĂ© que le bezafibrate avait peu d’effet sur la stimulation de la cĂ©togenĂšse induite par les MCT et que le facteur limitant dans cette stimulation Ă©tait donc la disponibilitĂ© des substrats et non la capacitĂ© cĂ©togĂšne des cellules hĂ©patiques. L’objectif de la seconde Ă©tude Ă©tait d’étudier les changements de capture des cĂ©tones et du glucose au cerveau durant un Ă©tat de cĂ©tose modĂ©rĂ©e chez l’adulte. Les rĂ©sultats de cette deuxiĂšme Ă©tude ont montrĂ© que la capture des cĂ©tones au cerveau est directement proportionnelle Ă  leur concentration plasmatique. Cette Ă©tude a aussi dĂ©montrĂ© que la capture cĂ©rĂ©brale des cĂ©tones Ă©tait directement reliĂ©e Ă  leur concentration plasmatique alors que la capture cĂ©rĂ©brale du glucose est modulĂ©e par les besoins Ă©nergĂ©tiques du cerveau. Une stimulation cĂ©togĂ©nique chez des personnes atteintes de dĂ©clin cognitif pourrait donc aider Ă  rĂ©tablir la balance Ă©nergĂ©tique et ralentir l’apparition des symptĂŽmes chez ces personnes mais cet effet devra ĂȘtre Ă©tudiĂ© dans une Ă©tude ultĂ©rieure.Abstract : The human brain is the most metabolically active organ of the body. This high need for energy exposes it to an increase risk in case of hypometabolism. Such a glucose hypometabolism is seen during the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. This factor is believed to be one of the cause of the disease. Ketones are the main alternate substrate for the human brain. Ketones are particularly important since, unlike other organs, the brain can not use fatty acids as alternative fuel. Ketones are mainly produce through ÎČ-oxidation of fatty acid by the liver. This happens mainly during fasting when circulating levels of glucose and insulin are low. Studies have shown that ketones can have a therapeutic effect in a variety of neurological diseases, mainly epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease. Nevertheless, apart from ketogenic diet and prolonged fasting, there is currently no effective ways to induce and maintain moderate ketosis in adults. Brain energy metabolism under moderate ketosis remains also misunderstood in this population. This thesis aimed look at the effect of a combination of a pharmacological treatment and a nutritional supplementation to induce moderate sustain ketosis in adults. It also studied the effect of a moderate ketosis on brain energy metabolism in adults. The aim of the first study was to study the effect of a pharmacological treatment, bezafibrate, on the potentiation of the ketogenic effect induced by a medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation. The results of this study that bezafibrate had little effect on the ketosis induced by a MCT supplementation and, therefore, that the limiting factor in human ketosis was not the liver cells capacity to produce ketones but the availability of substrates for ketogenesis. The aim of the second study was to study the impact of a nutritional moderate ketosis on brain glucose and ketone uptake. The results of this study showed a direct correlation between brain ketone uptake and plasma ketone concentrations. This study also showed that brain ketone uptake is regulated by blood ketone concentration whereas brain glucose uptake is regulated by the brain energy needs. Further studies should then look if such a moderate ketosis induced in cognitively impaired patients could re-equilibrate the energy balance in the brain and then slow the apparition of clinical symptoms in this population

    Caffeine intake increases plasma ketones: an acute metabolic study in humans

    No full text
    Brain glucose uptake declines during aging and is significantly impaired in AlzheimerĂą s disease. Ketones are the main alternative brain fuel to glucose so they represent a potential approach to compensate for the brain glucose reduction. Caffeine is of interest as a potential ketogenic agent owing to its actions on lipolysis/ lipid oxidation but whether it is ketogenic in humans is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the acute ketogenic effect of two doses of caffeine in healthy adults (2.5; 5.0 mg/kg) during a 4-hour metabolic study period. Caffeine given at breakfast significantly stimulated ketone production in a dose-dependent manner (+88%; +116%) and also raised plasma free fatty acids. Whether caffeine has long-term ketogenic effects or could enhance the ketogenic effect of medium chain triglycerides remains to be determined. NCT 02694601The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author
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