Pollination Ecology of Gentiana andrewsii

Author Institution: Department of Biology, University of AkronThe pollination syndrome of Gentiana andrewsii Griseb., a closed, blue gentian, was investigated in a disclimax community in relation to the ecological and phenological characteristics of the surrounding plant community. Gentiana andrewsii is obligately dependent upon bumblebees for pollination and seed set. The flowers are self-fertile, protandrous, and herkogamous; pollen deposition is restricted to the bumblebee's sternum. Pollen is the primary bumblebee attractant; the sugar concentration of nectar is low. The corolla reflects a purplish-blue color augmented by a dissected pattern of ultraviolet light, both well-adapted to bumblebee vision. Bumblebee species show no preference among synchronously flowering species, but caste preferences are evident, with G. andrewsii largely attracting workers. Most local bumblebees have tongues too short to retrieve nectar from the long Gentiana corolla tubes; many steal nectar from lateral perforations of the corolla tube. The blooming of G. andrewsii at the end of the bumblebee season may have resulted from selection favoring other earlier flowering competitors. Sympatric and synchronously blooming Gentiana crinita Froel. (Gentianella crinita (Froel.) G. Don, Gentianopsis crinita (Froel.) Ma) also reflects the same purplish-blue color as G. andrewsii but with different ultraviolet reflection patterns. Nectar appears to be the primary attractant in G. crinita. Queens and larger workers are the most frequent visitors, tongue length being less of a discriminating factor

Impact of pregnancy vaccine uptake and socio-demographic determinants on subsequent childhood Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccine uptake: A UK birth cohort study

BACKGROUND: We examined the association between socio-demographic determinants and uptake of childhood Measles, Mumps & Rubella (MMR) vaccines and the association between pregnant women's pertussis vaccine uptake and their children's MMR vaccine uptake. METHODS: We used nationally-representative linked mother-baby electronic records from the United Kingdom's Clinical-Practice-Research-Datalink. We created a birth cohort of children born between 01.01.2000 and 12.12.2020. We estimated the proportion vaccinated with first MMR vaccine by age 2 years and first and second MMR vaccines by age 5 years. We used survival-analysis and Cox proportional hazard models to examine the association between deprivation, ethnicity and maternal age and pertussis vaccination in pregnancy and children's MMR uptake. RESULTS: Overall, 89.4 % (710,797/795,497) of children had first MMR by age 2 years and 92.6 % (736,495/795,497) by age 5 years. Among children still in the cohort when second MMR was due, 85.9 % (478,480/557,050) had two MMRs by age 5 years. Children from the most-deprived areas, children of Black ethnicity and children of mothers aged < 20 years had increased risk of being unvaccinated compared with children from the least-deprived areas, White children and children of mothers aged 31-40 years: first MMR by 5 years, adjusted Hazard Ratios (HR):0.86 (CI:0.85-0.87), HR:0.87 (CI:0.85-0.88) & HR:0.89 (CI:0.88-0.90) respectively. Deprivation was the determinant associated with the greatest risk of missed second MMR: adjusted HR:0.82 (CI:0.81-0.83). Children of mothers vaccinated in pregnancy were more likely than children of unvaccinated mothers to have MMR vaccines after adjusting for ethnicity, deprivation, and maternal age (First and Second MMRs adjusted HRs:1.43 (CI:1.41-1.45), 1.49 (CI:1.45-1.53). CONCLUSION: Children from most-deprived areas are less likely to have MMR vaccines compared with children from least-deprived areas. Mothers who take up pregnancy vaccines are more likely to have their children vaccinated with MMR. Healthcare services should promote and facilitate access to both maternal and childhood vaccines during pregnancy

Patterns of medication use and factors associated with antibiotic use among adult fever patients at Singapore primary care clinics.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance is a public health problem of global importance. In Singapore, much focus has been given to antibiotic usage patterns in hospital settings. Data on antibiotic use in primary care is lacking. We describe antibiotic usage patterns and assess factors contributing to antibiotic usage among adults presenting with acute febrile illness (AFI) in primary care settings in Singapore. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Early Dengue infection and outcome study. Adults with AFI presenting at 5 Singapore polyclinics were included. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess demographic, clinical and laboratory factors associated with antibiotic usage among adults with AFI. RESULTS: Between December 2007 and February 2013, 1884 adult AFI patients were enrolled. Overall, 16% of adult AFI patients reported antibiotic use. We observed a rise in the use of over-the-counter medications in late 2009 and a decrease in antibiotic use during 2010, possibly related to the outbreak of pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus. After adjusting for age, gender, polyclinic and year of enrolment, the following factors were associated with higher odds of antibiotic use: living in landed property (compared to public housing) (OR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.06-2.80); body mass index (BMI) <18.5 (OR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.19-2.93); elevated white blood cell (WBC) count (OR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.42-2.78); and persistence of initial symptoms at 2-3 days follow-up with OR (95% CI) for categories of 1, 2, 3, and ≥4 persisting symptoms being 2.00 (1.38-2.92), 2.67 (1.80-3.97), 4.26 (2.73-6.64), and 2.79 (1.84-4.24) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides insights on antibiotic usage among adult patients presenting to primary care clinics with febrile illness, and suggests that high socio-economic status, and risk factors of a severe illness, that is, low BMI and persistence of initial symptoms, are associated with higher antibiotic use. Further work to understand trends of antibiotic usage in both private and public primary care clinics, and factors that influence patient expectation and physician prescribing of antibiotics is important

Validating a prediction tool to determine the risk of nosocomial multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection in critically ill patients: A retrospective case–control study

BACKGROUND:The Singapore GSDCS score was developed to enable clinicians predict the risk of nosocomial multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (RGNB) infection in critically ill patients. We aimed to validate this score in a UK setting. METHOD:A retrospective case-control study was conducted including patients who stayed for more than 24h in intensive care units (ICUs) across two tertiary National Health Service hospitals in London, UK (April 2011-April 2016). Cases with RGNB and controls with sensitive Gram-negative bacilli (SGNB) infection were identified. RESULTS:The derived GSDCS score was calculated from when there was a step change in antimicrobial therapy in response to clinical suspicion of infection as follows: prior Gram-negative organism, Surgery, Dialysis with end-stage renal disease, prior Carbapenem use and intensive care Stay of more than 5 days. A total of 110 patients with RGNB infection (cases) were matched 1:1 to 110 geotemporally chosen patients with SGNB infection (controls). The discriminatory ability of the prediction tool by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis in our validation cohort was 0.75 (95% confidence interval 0.65-0.81), which is comparable with the area under the curve of the derivation cohort (0.77). The GSDCS score differentiated between low- (0-1.3), medium- (1.4-2.3) and high-risk (2.4-4.3) patients for RGNB infection (P<0.001) in a UK setting. CONCLUSION:A simple bedside clinical prediction tool may be used to identify and differentiate patients at low, medium and high risk of RGNB infection prior to initiation of prompt empirical antimicrobial therapy in the intensive care setting

geo climatic applicability of direct evaporative cooling in italy

This chapter focuses on the climatic applicability of passive direct (downdraught) evaporative cooling (PDEC) techniques in the provincial capital cities of Italy. First, a PDEC potentiality map was produced using a previously developed method based on three variables: wet bulb depression, summer comfort air temperature threshold (25 °C) and cooling degree hours (CDHs). Second, an applicability map was produced by comparing the PDEC potentiality map to the local cooling energy demand. Third, a new method is presented including a calculation of the residual local cooling energy demand, i.e. residual CDH, related to air treatment by direct evaporative cooling. These residual CDH values were calculated considering different step-wise increasing outlet temperatures (WBT; WBT + 1 °C; …; WBT + 5 °C) as a function of the covered amount of wet bulb depression. Finally, three cities chosen as being representative of their respective Italian climatic macro-zones were selected in order to assess in greater detail the yearly variation of CDH aimed at supporting specific design strategies for ventilative passive cooling solutions