The Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation as an Ergogenic Aid on NCAA Division Female Soccer Players

Undergraduate Researc

Interpreting structural geometry in fold-thrust belts : Why style matters

The Fold-Thrust Research Group is funded by InterOil, Oil Search and Santos. We thank David Ferrill and Chris Morley for robust reviews of an early draft of this paper. We also thank Bill Dunne for his patience and his usual editorial rigor – although of course authors alone are responsible for the views expressed here.Peer reviewedPostprin

Fold-thrust structures : where have all the buckles gone?

Special publication title: Folding and Fracturing of Rocks: 50 Years of Research since the Seminal Text Book of J. G. Ramsay We dedicate the paper to the memory of Martin Casey (1948-2008), who did much through good-humored argument to ensure that buckling ideas were not lost to what he called “the Ramping Club” (the thrust belt community). The Fold – Thrust Research Group has been funded by InterOil, OilSearch and Santos. We thank Paul Griffiths and anonymous referee for comments together with Hermann Lebit for scientific editing. The views expressed here of course remain those of the authors.Peer reviewedPostprin

Natural fracture patterns at Swift Reservoir anticline, NW Montana : the influence of structural position and lithology from multiple observation scales

Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge constructive reviews by Amerigo Corradetti and an anonymous reviewer and thank Stefano Tavani for editorial handling. Adam J. Cawood is grateful to David Ferrill, Kevin Smart, and Paul Gillespie for helpful conversations about fracture patterns, although the data and interpretations shown here are of course the sole responsibility of the authors. This study was carried out as part of a University of Aberdeen doctoral programme supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre for Doctoral Training in Oil and Gas. Additional funding for fieldwork was provided by the University of Aberdeen Fold–Thrust Research Group. Petroleum Experts (formerly Midland Valley Exploration) is acknowledged for allowing the academic use of Move 2016.1 software. Financial support This research has been supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (grant no. NE/M00578X/1).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Fracture distribution on the Swift Reservoir Anticline, Montana : implications for structural and lithological controls on fracture intensity

Title of special publication: Folding and Fracturing of Rocks: 50 Years of Research since the Seminal Text Book of J. G. Ramsay This research was funded by Oil Search Ltd, Santos Ltd and InterOil, through the University of Aberdeen Fold-Thrust Research Group. Electron Microscopy was performed in the ACEMAC Facility at the University of Aberdeen with assistance from John Still. Joyce Neilson is thanked for advice on the use of ImageJ software. Midland Valley are thanked for the use of their Move software for field data collection and model building. We thank Alfred Lacazette and Stefano Tavani for reviewing the manuscript and providing constructive comments.Peer reviewedPostprin

Factors that Influence Enrollment in Syringe Services Programs in Rural Areas: A Qualitative Study among Program Clients in Appalachian Kentucky

BACKGROUND: Enrolling sufficient number of people who inject drugs (PWID) into syringe services programs (SSP) is important to curtail outbreaks of drug-related harms. Still, little is known about barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment in rural areas with no history of such programs. This study\u27s purpose was to develop a grounded theory of the role of the risk environment and individual characteristics of PWID in shaping SSP enrollment in rural Kentucky. METHODS: We conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews with 41 clients of 5 SSPs that were established in rural counties in Appalachian Kentucky in 2017-2018. Interviews covered PWID needs, the process of becoming aware of SSPs, and barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment. Applying constructivist grounded theory methods and guided by the Intersectional Risk Environment Framework (IREF), we applied open, axial and selective coding to develop the grounded theory. RESULTS: Stigma, a feature of IREF\u27s meso-level social domain, is the main factor hampering SSP enrollment. PWID hesitated to visit SSPs because of internalized stigma and because of anticipated stigma from police, friends, family and healthcare providers. Fear of stigma was often mitigated or amplified by a constellation of meso-level environmental factors related to healthcare (e.g., SSPs) and social (PWID networks) domains and by PWID\u27s individual characteristics. SSPs mitigated stigma as a barrier to enrollment by providing low threshold services in a friendly atmosphere, and by offering their clients program IDs to protect them from paraphernalia charges. SSP clients spread positive information about the program within PWID networks and helped their hesitant peers to enroll by accompanying them to SSPs. Individual characteristics, including child custody, employment or high social status, made certain PWID more susceptible to drug-related stigma and hence more likely to delay SSP enrollment. CONCLUSIONS: Features of the social and healthcare environments operating at the meso-level, as well as PWID\u27s individual characteristics, appear to enhance or mitigate the effect of stigma as a barrier to SSP enrollment. SSPs opening in locations with high stigma against PWID need to ensure low threshold and friendly services, protect their clients from police and mobilize PWID networks to promote enrollment

Trends in the Population Prevalence of People Who Inject Drugs in US Metropolitan Areas 1992–2007

Background: People who inject drugs (PWID) have increased risk of morbidity and mortality. We update and present estimates and trends of the prevalence of current PWID and PWID subpopulations in 96 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) for 1992–2007. Current estimates of PWID and PWID subpopulations will help target services and help to understand long-term health trends among PWID populations. Methodology: We calculated the number of PWID in the US annually from 1992–2007 and apportioned estimates to MSAs using multiplier methods. We used four types of data indicating drug injection to allocate national annual totals to MSAs, creating four distinct series of component estimates of PWID in each MSA and year. The four component estimates are averaged to create the best estimate of PWID for each MSA and year. We estimated PWID prevalence rates for three subpopulations defined by gender, age, and race/ethnicity. We evaluated trends using multi-level polynomial models. Results: PWID per 10,000 persons aged 15–64 years varied across MSAs from 31 to 345 in 1992 (median 104.4) to 34 to 324 in 2007 (median 91.5). Trend analysis indicates that this rate declined during the early period and then was relatively stable in 2002–2007. Overall prevalence rates for non-Hispanic black PWID increased in 2005 as compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Hispanic prevalence, in contrast, declined across time. Importantly, results show a worrisome trend in young PWID prevalence since HAART was initiated – the mean prevalence was 90 to 100 per 10,000 youth in 1992–1996, but increased to >120 PWID per 10,000 youth in 2006–2007. Conclusions: Overall, PWID rates remained constant since 2002, but increased for two subpopulations: non-Hispanic black PWID and young PWID. Estimates of PWID are important for planning and evaluating public health programs to reduce harm among PWID and for understanding related trends in social and health outcomes

Whistles Against Street Harassment (WASH)

As an urban university nestled in a bustling city, VCU is committed to having all members of the community feel safe in public spaces. The Whistles Against Street Harassment (WASH) initiative aims to improve the safety of our VCU community by (1) providing a whistle, a practical and easyto- use tool that the target or bystanders can use to disrupt street harassment, and (2) raising awareness and dialogue related to street harassment and public safety. RAINN defines street harassment as “unwanted comments, gestures, or acts directed at someone in a public space without their consent.”1 Street harassment is not limited to gender- or race-based intimidation; however, it negatively affects the entire community. In a recent web-based survey, VCU students, faculty, and staff identified the top safety interventions on the Monroe Park and MCV campuses to be pedestrian safety (33%), increased lighting (26%), addressing street harassment (25%), more police visibility in the evenings (25%) and additional patrols in VCU parking lots (20%).2 The WASH initiative aims to reduce, and ultimately eliminate, street harassment on our urban campuses

Acknowledging uncertainty in evolutionary reconstructions of ecological niches

Reconstructing ecological niche evolution can provide insight into the biogeography and diversification of evolving lineages. However, comparative phylogenetic methods may infer the history of ecological niche evolution inaccurately because (a) species' niches are often poorly characterized; and (b) phylogenetic comparative methods rely on niche summary statistics rather than full estimates of species' environmental tolerances. Here, we propose a new framework for coding ecological niches and reconstructing their evolution that explicitly acknowledges and incorporates the uncertainty introduced by incomplete niche characterization. Then, we modify existing ancestral state inference methods to leverage full estimates of environmental tolerances. We provide a worked empirical example of our method, investigating ecological niche evolution in the New World orioles (Aves: Passeriformes: Icterus spp.). Temperature and precipitation tolerances were generally broad and conserved among orioles, with niche reduction and specialization limited to a few terminal branches. Tools for performing these reconstructions are available in a new R package called nichevol

Acknowledging uncertainty in evolutionary reconstructions of ecological niches

Reconstructing ecological niche evolution can provide insight into the biogeography and diversification of evolving lineages. However, comparative phylogenetic methods may infer the history of ecological niche evolution inaccurately because (a) species' niches are often poorly characterized; and (b) phylogenetic comparative methods rely on niche summary statistics rather than full estimates of species' environmental tolerances. Here, we propose a new framework for coding ecological niches and reconstructing their evolution that explicitly acknowledges and incorporates the uncertainty introduced by incomplete niche characterization. Then, we modify existing ancestral state inference methods to leverage full estimates of environmental tolerances. We provide a worked empirical example of our method, investigating ecological niche evolution in the New World orioles (Aves: Passeriformes: Icterus spp.). Temperature and precipitation tolerances were generally broad and conserved among orioles, with niche reduction and specialization limited to a few terminal branches. Tools for performing these reconstructions are available in a new R package called nichevol