Transnational public policy in international arbitration

PhDArbitration tribunals rely on public policy principles to exclude or determine the applicable law. At times, the notion of public policy will contain fundamental yardsticks recognised by the world community at large. In such cases public policy may be called transnational or truly international. The thesis expounds the notion and content of transnational public policy as applied by international tribunals. This objective is met by exploring the method, functions and purpose of transnational public policy in international arbitration. The opening chapter sheds light on the origins and concept of public policy and the different levels it has been applied by international tribunals and national courts. It suggests a criteria for the distinction between domestic, domestic-international, regional and transnational public policy. The thesis then gives an in depth analysis of the origins and notion of transnational public policy. It suggests that international tribunals have relied on transnational public policy in their awards and proposes a method to determine its content and sources. Such method is then applied to deduct the content of transnational public policy from decided arbitration awards. The thesis shows that transnational public policy can be relevant at three different stages in international arbitration. At the outset of the proceeding, where the arbitrators determine their jurisdiction; during the arbitration, where it controls the procedure applicable in the arbitration; or at the stage of drafting the final award, where it determines fundamental substantive rules relied upon by the tribunal

O lugar onde habita a arte. Habitar a arte que habita. Formas contemporâneas de apropriação numa residencia de artistas.

Tese de Mestrado para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Arquitectura

Risco cardiovascular em mulheres de meia-idade com câncer de mama: uma comparação entre dois modelos de risco

PURPOSE:It was to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in breast cancer survivors (BCS).METHODS:This cross-sectional study analyzed 67 BCS, aged 45 -65 years, who underwent complete oncological treatment, but had not received hormone therapy, tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors during the previous 6 months. Lipid profile and CVD risk were evaluated, the latter using the Framingham and Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) models. The agreement between cardiovascular risk models was analyzed by calculating a kappa coefficient and its 95% confidence interval (CI).RESULTS:Mean subject age was 53.2±6.0 years, with rates of obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia of 25, 34 and 90%, respectively. The most frequent lipid abnormalities were high total cholesterol (70%), high LDL-C (51%) and high non-HDL-C (48%) concentrations. Based on the Framingham score, 22% of the participants had a high risk for coronary artery disease. According to the SCORE model, 100 and 93% of the participants were at low risk for fatal CVD in populations at low and high risk, respectively, for CVD. The agreement between the Framingham and SCORE risk models was poor (kappa: 0.1; 95%CI 0.01 -0.2) for populations at high risk for CVD.CONCLUSIONS:These findings indicate the need to include lipid profile and CVD risk assessment in the follow-up of BCS, focusing on adequate control of serum lipid concentrations.OBJETIVO:Avaliar o risco de doença cardiovascular (DCV) em mulheres com câncer de mama.MÉTODOS:Foi conduzido estudo de corte transversal, com 67 mulheres com câncer de mama, entre 45 e 65 anos, tratamento oncológico completo, não usuárias de terapia hormonal, tamoxifeno ou inibidores da aromatase nos últimos 6 meses. Foram avaliados o perfil lipídico e o risco de DCV. Para avaliar o risco de DCV, foram utilizados os modelos Framingham e Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE). Para investigar a concordância entre os modelos de risco cardiovascular, foi calculado o coeficiente kappa com seu respectivo intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%.RESULTADOS:A média de idade das participantes foi de 53,2±6,0 anos. A prevalência de obesidade, hipertensão e dislipidemia foi 25, 34 e 90%, respectivamente. A prevalência de dislipidemia foi 90%. As anormalidades mais comuns do perfil lipídico foram: alto colesterol total (70%), alto LDL-C (51%) e alto não HDL-C (48%). Baseado no escore de Framingham, 22% das mulheres com câncer de mama apresentaram alto risco de doença arterial coronariana. De acordo com o modelo SCORE, 100 e 93% das participantes apresentaram baixo risco de DCV fatal, considerando populações de baixo e alto risco de DCV, respectivamente. A concordância entre os modelos de Framingham e SCORE foi ruim (kappa: 0,1; IC95% 0,01 -0,2), considerando populações de alto risco de DCV.CONCLUSÕES:Esses dados indicam a necessidade de incluir a avaliação do perfil lipídico e do risco de DCV na rotina de seguimento de mulheres com câncer de mama, sendo observadoo adequado controle dos níveis séricos de lipídios.15716

The usefulness of serum adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) activity in adults for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis

AbstractRapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains an obstacle for therapy of tuberculosis (TB). Adenosine deaminase isoform 2 (ADA2) is produced by activated macrophages and has been used for diagnosis of TB from extra-pulmonary sites. However, few studies adequately address whether serum ADA2 activity is useful for diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). We prospectively measured serum ADA2 activity in 110 patients with pulmonary disease (65 cases with active PTB and 45 cases with other respiratory diseases) and 78 healthy volunteers (eight with tuberculin skin test positive). The serum ADA2 for the diagnosis of PTB had the sensitivity of 36·9%, the specificity of 84·5%, the positive predictive value of 10·9% and the negative predictive value of 96·2%. We concluded that serum ADA2 activity is neither useful to diagnosis of active PTB nor to differentiate from other respiratory diseases

Agreement between dual x-ray absorptiometers using pencil beam and fan beam: indicators of bone health and whole-body plus appendicular tissue composition in adult athletes

OBJECTIVE: The current study was aimed to examine intra-individual variation on indicators of bone health in addition to whole-body plus appendicular tissue measurements using two concurrent assessments based on pencil beam and fan beam dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) systems in adult athletes from several sports. METHOD: Thirty-two male participants (27.6±10.1 years) were measured on anthropometry including multifrequency bioelectric impedance and air-displacement plethysmography. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone area, fat and lean soft tissue were derived using pencil beam (Lunar DPX-MD+) and fan beam (Lunar iDXA) absorptiometry. Bone mineral density (BMD) was obtained for the femoral neck, trochanter and triangle of ward. Finally, the right thigh was defined as a region of interest (ROI). Analyses comprised intra-class correlation (ICC), Effect size (d) from mean differences of repeated measurements, coefficient of variation (CV) RESULTS: ICC were >0.900 for all measurements. Intra-individual differences were large for BMC (d=1,312; CV=2,7%), bone area (d=1,761; CV=2,7%), fat tissue (d=1,612; CV=11%) and all indicators of appendicular lean soft tissue (d=1,237-1687; CV=2,0-4,1%). A very large difference (d=4,014; CV=8.4%) was diagnosed for lean soft tissue of the ROI. CONCLUSION: Although differences among concurrent instruments for BMC and bone area, the effect size of mean differences was negligible for BMD. Fat and lean soft tissue derived from DXA should be interpreted as reference values (not criterion) due to equipment-related variation, more apparently in the ROI values.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Congenital sebaceous choristoma of the tongue : a rare case report

The most common oral choristomas are consisted of thyroid tissue and bone. The presence of sebaceous glands in the oral mucosa, especially in the buccal mucosa and labial mucosa, is often considered a normal anatomical variation since they are observed i

Microbioerosão em conchas de Heleobia australis (Gastropoda: Rissooidea) da lagoa Salgada, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Traces of microbioerosion are recorded on microgastropods shells that occur in association with recent stromatolites from lagoa Salgada, Rio de Janeiro State. The high destruction levels produced by microborers on the bioclasts were directly observed through optical and scanning electron microscroscopy. This study goals the identification and description of the bioerosion patterns on microgastropods of the species Heleobia australis (D'Orbigny). The microborings consist of sinuous ramified microborings galeries that were related to the ichnogenera Fascichnus, as well as groups of circular and irregular perforations that remained unidentified. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS) analysis of the dark shells surfaces detected the elements sulfur and iron, both closely tied to the microbial metabolism.São registrados traços de microbioerosão em conchas de microgastrópodos associados com estromatólitos recentes na Lagoa Salgada, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os elevados níveis de degradação produzidos por microperfuradores nos bioclastos foram observados através de microscópio óptico e eletrônico de varredura. Este estudo objetiva identificar e descrever os padrões de microbioerosão em microgastrópodos da espécie Heleobia australis (D'Orbigny). Os traços compreendem galerias sinuosas ramificadas, que foram relacionadas ao icnogênero Fascichnus, bem como grupos de perfurações circulares irregulares. Análises de Espectrometria de Dispersão de Raios-X (EDS) na superfície das conchas escuras detectaram os elementos enxofre e ferro, ambos ligados ao metabolismo microbiano

Revision of the life history parameters (proportion of mature and mean weights at age) for the Iberian (south) sardine stock (ICES 8c and 9a)

Maturity and stock weights at age used in sardine assessment up to 2012 were obatined from (Portuguese and Spanish) spring acoustic surveys biological data. Following a recommendation of the WGANSA, the possible alternative use of the Daily Egg Production Method (DEPM) surveys to estimate maturity at age was evaluated, and a revision of these maturity ogives was undertaken for the last benchmark assessment (Silva et al. 2011, WKPELA 2012), the WG having decided that DEPM maturity ogives should be used in the assessment, and for years with no DEPM survey, 80% of fish mature would be assumed at age 1 (corresponding approximately to the historical mean of DEPM ogives), and for simplicity, 100% of fish are mature at age 2. But these estimates were obtained including information from both DEPM and acoustic surveys: maturity data from the DEPM for each stratum and year were combined to obtain stock estimates, using abundances at age from acoustic surveys as weighting factors; however, in most years, 1-2 months lagged between the two surveys in W and S strata. Revision of weights at age could not be carried out in 2012 due to time constraints, but the WGHANSA believes that it makes more sense that both life history parameters be derived from the same surveys. This WD describes the revision of both maturity and stock weights at age estimates, based uniquely on the DEPM surveys