Social capital between family businesses and business associations in Celaya, Guanajuato

This work is part of a comprehensive study on family businesses held in Celaya, Guanajuato Mexico (year 2011) with a sample of 343 interviews with owners or managers responsible. This study examines the specific relationship capital with family businesses with various business associations, as is supposedly the social purpose of these associations. The analysis is based on the open question: Does your business communication with business associations (CCE, COPARMEX, CANACINTRA ...)and how they perceive the relationship (positive and / or negative)? With it, you want to know what they think micro, small and medium-sized family relationships If there are business associations?, Who or who have such relationships? And do you think of these relationships?. The analysis is based primarily on social capital theory of Bourdieu. The study is mixed, predominantly qualitative and exploratory. An analysis of the various testimonies to quantify and represent the descriptive factors of these relationships

Uso de herramientas de respuesta de audiencia en la docencia presencial universitaria. Un primer contacto.

Uno de los objetivos de la investigación educativa en las últimas décadas ha sido la búsqueda de métodos de aprendizaje más efectivos a la tradicional clase magistral. De hecho, numerosas publicaciones señalan como alternativa la enseñanza basada en el aprendizaje activo por parte del alumnado. Existen evidencias de su eficacia a través del empleo de herramien-tas de respuesta de audiencia (HRA) que permiten introducir procesos de participación activa en el aula de manera sencilla y con un coste de implementación mínimo, dado que muchos alumnos acuden a las clases con algún tipo de dispositivo móvil (teléfonos inteligentes, tabletas, portátiles, etc.). Si bien estas herramientas pueden convertirse en un motivo de distracción, es indiscutible la mejora en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje debido a que se abre una amplia gama de posibilidades para la innovación en el aula pudiéndose introducir mecánicas de juego o gamificación que aumentan la motivación y la participación del alumno, incentivando su interés y curiosidad. El presente trabajo explora y analiza algunas HRA dentro del ámbito educativo. Así mismo, se describen las actividades realizadas en diferentes asignaturas, titulaciones y universidades para tener un primer contacto con dos de estas herramientas: Kahoot y Socrative. A partir de los resultados de las encuestas de satisfacción de los estudiantes y de la experiencia de los profesores se propone un manual de buenas prácticas para el uso de HRA en el aula.One of the goals of educational research during the last decades has been the search for more effective methods of learning than the traditional master classes. Teaching based on active learning has been pointed out by numerous papers as an alternative teaching method. This strategy has been proved to be effective by using audience response systems that allow the design of active participation processes in the classroom with little effort and at a minimal implementation cost, since most students carry some type of mobile device (smartphones, tablets, laptops, etc.). While these tools might become a source of distraction, it is clear that they also offer a major improvement in the teaching-learning process due to the wide range of opportunities for innovation that they bring, such as the introduction of gamification activities that aim at increasing the motivation, interest and curiosity of the student. This paper explores and analyzes some of these audience response systems within an educational environment. Several activities developed throughout different subjects, degrees and universities are described in order to get a first contact with two of these tools: Kahoot and Socrative. From the results obtained by means of student satisfaction surveys and the teachers' experiences, we propose a set of good practice guidelines regarding the use of audience response systems in the classroom

COVID-19 in Older Patients: Assessment of Post-COVID-19 Sarcopenia

(1) Background: Acute COVID-19 infections produce alterations in the skeletal muscle, leading to acute sarcopenia, but the medium- and long-term consequences are still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate: (1) body composition; (2) muscle strength and the prevalence of sarcopenia; and (3) the relationship between muscle strength with symptomatic and functional evolution in older patients affected by/recovered from COVID-19; (2) Methods: A prospective, longitudinal study of patients aged ≥65 years who had suffered from COVID-19 infection between 1 March and 31 May 2020, as confirmed by PCR or subsequent seroconversion. Persistent symptoms, as well as anthropometric, clinical, and analytical characteristics, were analyzed at 3 and 12 months after infection. The degree of sarcopenia was determined by dynamometry and with SARC-F; (3) Results: 106 participants, aged 76.8 ± 7 years, were included. At 3 months postinfection, a high percentage of sarcopenic patients was found, especially among women and in those with hospitalization. At 12 months postinfection, this percentage had decreased, coinciding with a functional and symptomatic recovery, and the normalization of inflammatory parameters, especially interleukin-6 (4.7 ± 11.6 pg/mL vs. 1.5 ± 2.4 pg/mL, p < 0.05). The improvement in muscle strength was accompanied by significant weight gain (71.9 ± 12.1 kg vs. 74.7 ± 12.7 kg, p < 0.001), but not by an increase in lean mass (49.6 ± 10 vs. 49.9 ± 10, p 0.29); (4) Conclusions: Older COVID-19 survivors presented a functional, clinical, and muscular recovery 12 months postinfection. Even so, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive follow-ups and assessments that include aspects of nutrition and physical activity.Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málag

Diabetes tipo 2 en paciente anciano

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the fifth more frequent disease in the elder, after degenerative osteoarthritis, arterial hypertension, cataracts and cardiovascular diseases. The number of elders with DM is growing because of the increase of life expectation and higher prevalence of DM in this population. Let's sense beforehand a habitual case in our clinical practice, an 82-year-old woman with long term DM dates with important comorbidity associated that presents cardiac decompensation secondary to urine infection and diabetic decompensation. We detail the management we followed in this case.La diabetes mellitus (DM) es la quinta enfermedad más frecuente en el anciano, tras la artrosis, la hipertensión arterial, las cataratas y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. El número de ancianos con DM está creciendo por el aumento de la expectativa de vida y la mayor prevalencia de DM en esta población. Presentamos un caso habitual en nuestra práctica clínica, una mujer de 82 años diabética de larga data con importante comorbilidad asociada, que presenta un cuadro de descompensación cardíaca secundaria a una infección de orina y descompensación glucémica; y detallamos el manejo de la misma

High level Decision Methodology for the Selection of a Fuel Cell Based Ower Distribution Architecture for an Aircraft Application

The selection of the right power distribution architecture for a given application has a tremendous impact on the overall system in terms of efficiency, cost, reliability, fault tolerance and size. Moreover, with the increasing number of power sources, storage elements, different supply voltages and strong requirements imposed at system level, the selection of the appropriate architecture becomes a nightmare for the system designer. The purpose of this paper is to describe a methodology for the selection of the most suitable architecture for a fuel cell based power distribution application. The methodology is based on the assessment of metric functions for all the components that can configure the architecture as a function of the electrical boundary conditions of each component

Report of the Scientific Committee of the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN) related to the risk assessment associated to the possible presence of arsenic in algae intended to human consumption

La globalización ha contribuido a la introducción de nuevos alimentos en la dieta de los españoles, entre éstos las algas, capaces de acumular elementos tóxicos entre los que se encuentra el arsénico (As). Por ello se considera necesario disponer de información sobre los contenidos de As en las algas que pueden considerarse seguros. El As es un metaloide con cuatro estados de oxidación lo que da origen a una gran variedad de compuestos con características físicas y químicas bien distintas. También difieren en sus propiedades biológicas y toxicológicas, dependiendo no sólo de su estado de valencia sino también de sus formas, inorgánicas u orgánicas. Estas últimas poseen el potencial tóxico más bajo, por lo que los efectos adversos para la salud vendrán determinados fundamentalmente por la fracción inorgánica del As presente, siendo la toxicidad del As(III) mayor que la del As(V). La especie química influye en la absorción, distribución, metabolismo y excreción del As. Las formas metiladas de As (MMA y DMA) mayoritarias en muchas algas se consideran menos tóxicas, se fijan menos a los tejidos y se eliminan más rápidamente que las no metiladas. Los compuestos organoarsenicales se metabolizan en menor grado y se excretan rápidamente. En relación con la toxicidad del As, la sintomatología de la intoxicación aguda tras exposición por vía oral incluye: diarrea, dolores gastrointestinales tipo cólico, anorexia, pérdida de peso, vómitos graves, calambres musculares, alteraciones cardíacas, alteraciones del sistema nervioso central, aumento de la irritabilidad, exantema y pérdida de pelo. En adultos se observan efectos de este tipo tras ingerir 3 mg diarios de As durante unas semanas. La exposición crónica origina lesiones en la piel (dilatación de capilares cutáneos), hipo e hiperpigmentación (enfermedad del pie negro-Blackfoot), alteraciones vasooclusivas y gangrenosas. También neuropatías periféricas, encefalopatía, alteración del metabolismo del grupo hemo, hepatomegalia, depresión de la médula ósea, diabetes y deterioro de la función renal (necrosis). La presencia de As en el agua de bebida se ha asociado a efectos adversos sobre la reproducción. La Agencia Internacional de Investigaciones sobre el Cáncer (IARC) clasifica al As inorgánico en el grupo I (cancerígeno humano). La FAO/OMS y el Comité de Expertos en Aditivos Alimentarios (JEFCA) establecen la Ingesta Semanal Tolerable Provisional (PTWI) para As inorgánico en 0,015 mg/kg peso corporal. La principal fuente de As para la población no expuesta laboralmente la constituyen el agua y los alimentos. La legislación española establece un contenido máximo de As en aguas de 10 μg/l. Las ingestas dietéticas de As estimadas en España oscilan entre los 225 y 345 μg/día, y al igual que en otros países el principal contribuyente son los pescados y mariscos, aunque la mayor parte del As se encuentra presente en las formas de menor toxicidad, de modo que en alimentos de origen marino analizados en España, la arsenobetaina (AsB) es el compuesto orgánico encontrado con mayor frecuencia, seguido de los ácidos dimetilarsínico (DMA) y monometilarsónico (MMA). Los contenidos de As total e inorgánico, en algas comercializadas y analizadas en España se encuentran comprendidos entre 2,3 y 141 mg/kg peso seco, y entre 0,15 y 88 mg/kg peso seco, respectivamente. Destaca por su elevado contenido en As total (115 a 141 mg/kg peso seco) y As inorgánico (83 a 88 mg/kg peso seco) el alga parda Hizikia fusiformis (Harv.) Okam. (hijiki), que se caracteriza por acumular As inorgánico. En el caso de las algas fucus o fuco (Fucus vesiculosus L.), kombu (Laminaria spp), wakame (Undaria pinnatífida (Har.) Sur.), arame (Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellm.)Stech.) y nori (nombre aplicado a varias especies de algas, principalmente pertenecientes a los géneros Porphyra, Monostroma y Enteromorpha), las concentraciones de As inorgánico son muy inferiores, del orden de 0,15-0,57 mg/kg peso seco. Los elevados contenidos de As de algunas algas obligan a evaluar el riesgo que supone su ingesta, para ello se requiere conocer el consumo de algas y el contenido de As. Puesto que el primero se desconoce, se considera una ingesta diaria de 3 g de algas, estimándose así que Hizikia fusiformis, el alga con mayores contenidos de As, puede proporcionar 250 μg de As inorgánico al día, aporte un 67% superior a la ingesta diaria tolerable (150 μg As/día, para un adulto de 70 kg de peso). Y supone multiplicar por siete la ingesta diaria de As inorgánico de un consumidor español. Una ingesta repetida de hijiki proporcionaría As inorgánico que al sumarse al procedente de otras fuentes (agua y otros alimentos), llevaría a una superación de los intervalos de seguridad admisibles para el riesgo de toxicidad crónica, por lo que se recomienda evitar su consumo y escoger otras variedades alternativas.Globalisation contributed to the introduction of novel foods into the Spanish diet, among the seaweed, able to accumulate toxic elements and among them arsenic (As). It is considered necessary to obtain information on the As contents in seaweeds that can be considered safe. Arsenic is a metalloid with four oxidation states, that give rise to a high variety of compounds having different physical and chemical characteristics. The As species differ also in their biological and toxicological properties, depending not only of the valence state, but also of the inorganic and organic forms. The latter have the lowest toxic potential, being therefore the adverse effects determined mainly by the inorganic As fraction, being As (III) toxicity higher than those of As(V). Arsenic specie affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. As methylated forms (MMA and DMA), the main forms present in many seaweeds are considered of a lower toxicity, the binding to tissues is lower and the elimination quicker than those of non-methylated species. Organoarseniacal compounds are metabolised in a lower extent and rapidly excreted. Regarding As toxicity, symptomatology of acute intoxication via oral exposition include; diarrhoea, gastrointestinal colic type pains, anorexia, weight lose, severe vomiting, muscular cramps, heart disorders, central nervous system disorders, irritability increase, exanthem and hair lose. These symptoms are observed in adults after a 3 mg As intake per day during several weeks. Chronic exposure causes skin lesions, hipo and hiperpigmentation (blackfoot disease), vaso-occlusive and gangrenous disorders, peripherical neuropaties, encephalopathy, alteration of hemo group metabolism, hepathomegalia, bone marrow depression, diabetes and impairment of renal function (necrosis). The presence of As in drinking water have been associated to adverse effects on reproductivity. The International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) has classified inorganic As in group I (human carcinogen). The FAO/WHO and the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) have established a Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) for inorganic As in 0.015 mg/kg body weight. Water and food are the main As source for the non occupationaly exposed population. The maximum As level in drinking water according to the Spanish law is 10 μg/l. In Spain the estimated As dietary intakes range from 225 to 345 μg/day, and in a similar way than in other countries the main contributors are fish and seafood, though the As species are of low toxicity, so in foods from sea analysed in Spain, arsenobetain (AsB) is the most frequently detected organic compound, followed by dimethylarsinic (DMA) and monomethylarsonic acids (MMA). Total and inorganic As contents in seaweed commercialised and analysed in Spain range from 2.3 and 141 mg/dry weigh, and between 0.15 and 88 mg/kg, dry weight, respectively. The brown seaweed Hizikia fusiformis (hijiki) stands out due to their high contents in total As (115 to 141 mg/kg dry weight) and inorganic As (83 to 88 mg/kg dry weight). With regard to fucus, kombu, wakame, arame and nori inorganic As contents are much lower ranging from 0.15-0.57 mg/kg dry weight. The high As contents of some seaweed types make necessary the assessment of the risk related to their intake. To do it requires to know seaweed consumption and their As contents. Taking into account that the first is unknown, if a daily intake of 3 g of seaweeds is assumed, Hizikia fusiformis the seaweed having the highest As contents can provide 250 μg inorganic As per day, amount a 67% higher than the PTWI (150 μg As/day, for an adult of a 70 kg weight). This means to multiply by seven the daily inorganic As intake of a mean Spanish consumer. A repeated intake of hijiki would provide inorganic As that added to the As coming from other sources (water and other foods) would lead to surpass the admissible safety intakes for the risk of chronic toxicity, being therefore advisable to avoid its consumption with the choice of alternative varieties

Disposición del alumnado al uso de herramientas de comunicación síncrona en la docencia universitaria

En los últimos años han sido numerosas las iniciativas de innovación educativa que han propuesto el uso de las herramientas de comunicación síncrona como recurso tecnológico de soporte a la docencia universitaria. Dichas propuestas han demostrado sus beneficios en contextos de aplicación concretos como por ejemplo: la tutorización virtual o la internacionalización y movilidad en másteres y doctorados. Sin embargo, su alcance limitado dificulta a menudo la extrapolación de resultados a otros ámbitos docentes y, por tanto, la transformación de actividades que se pueden catalogar como piloto en soluciones de implantación consolidada. Con el trasfondo de la declaración del año 2015 como Año Internacional de la Evaluación, en este trabajo presentamos los resultados de un estudio dirigido a conocer la opinión del alumnado sobre el uso de herramientas de comunicación por Internet en la docencia universitaria. El estudio ha involucrado a 436 estudiantes matriculados en asignaturas de cursos diversos en titulaciones de ingeniería, magisterio, criminología y ciencias del deporte, en universidades públicas y privadas. Los resultados muestran una caracterización del interés, las expectativas y las preferencias de los alumnos con respecto a la incorporación de las herramientas informáticas de comunicación síncronas como mecanismo de apoyo y mejora del proceso de aprendizaje.In recent years there have been numerous innovative educational initiatives that have proposed the use of synchronous communication tools to support university teaching. These proposals have proven their worth in specific application contexts such as: virtual tutoring, internationalization and mobility in masters and doctorates. However, their sometimes limited scope often makes it difficult to generalize results to other contexts and, thus, to pass from pilots to consolidated solutions. Within the framework of 2015 being declared as the International Year of Evaluation, this paper presents the results of a survey aimed to obtain the opinion of students regarding the use of synchronous communication tools for university teaching. The survey involved 436 students enrolled in subjects of various grade levels in degrees sucha as engineering, teaching, criminology and sports science, both in public and private universities. The results show a characterization of the interest, expectations and preferences of students with respect to the incorporation of computer communication tools as a mechanism to improve the learning process.Educació

De-Intensification of Antidiabetic Treatment Using Canagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Type 2 Diabetes: Cana-Switch-HF Study

Canagliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor that reduces glycemia as well as the risk of cardiovascular events. Our main objective was to analyze antidiabetic treatment de-intensification and the glycemic efficacy of replacing antidiabetic agents (excluding metformin) with canagliflozin in patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control. In this observational, retrospective, real-world study, we selected patients treated with metformin in combination with ≥2 non-insulin antidiabetic agents or metformin in combination with basal insulin plus ≥1 non-insulin antidiabetic agent. Non-insulin antidiabetic agents were replaced with canagliflozin. Patients were followed-up on at three, six, and 12 months after the switch and a wide range of clinical variables were recorded. A total of 121 patients were included. From baseline to 12 months, the number of antidiabetic agents (3.1 ± 1.0 vs. 2.1 ± 0.8, p < 0.05), basal insulin dose (20.1 ± 9.8 vs. 10.1 ± 6.5 units, p < 0.01), and percentage of patients who used basal insulin (47.9% vs. 31.3%, p < 0.01) decreased. The proportion of patients who used diuretics also declined significantly. In addition, we observed improvement in glycemic control, with an increase in the proportion of patients with glycated hemoglobin <7% from 16.8% at three months to 63.5% at 12 (p < 0.001). Canagliflozin use was also beneficial in terms of body weight, blood pressure, heart failure status, functional class, and cardiovascular-renal risk. There were also reductions in the number of emergency department visits and hospitalizations for heart failure. Moreover, canagliflozin was well-tolerated, with a low rate of drug-related discontinuation. Mounting evidence from randomized controlled trials and real-world studies point to the beneficial profile of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitors such as canagliflozin in patients with heart failure.This work was supported by PI15/00256 from the Institute of Health “Carlos III” (ISCIII), co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER. Maria Isabel Queipo-Ortuño was supported by the “Miguel Servet Type II” program (CPI18/00003, ISCIII, Spain, co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER) and by the “Nicolas Monardes” research program of the Consejería de Salud (C-0030-2018, Junta de Andalucía, Spain. Bruno Ramos Molina was supported by the “Miguel Servet Type I” program (CP19/00098, ISCIII, Spain, co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER). Lidia Sanchez-Alcoholado was the recipient of a predoctoral grant (PE-0106-2019) from the Consejería de Salud y Familia (co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER, Andalucia, Spain). Aurora Laborda-Illanes was the recipient of a predoctoral grant, PFIS-ISCIII (FI19-00112), co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER, Madrid, Spain.Ye