Perissophlebiodes flinti Savage (Ephemeroptera; Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae): new occurrence, distribution and comments about its identification

Perissophlebiodes flinti Savage 1982, descrita para o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e sem registros desde 1977, é agora registrada para o Estado de São Paulo. São feitos comentários sobre a distribuição e sugestões para identificação das ninfas de Leptophlebiidae neotropicais com duas asas.Perissophlebiodes flinti Savage 1982, described from the State of Rio de Janeiro, and without new records since 1977, is now recorded for the State of São Paulo. Comments on distribution and suggestions for identification of two-winged neotropical leptophlebiids are made.FAPESP - BIOT

Evaluation of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community as a tool for monitoring a reservoir in the Pitangui river basin, Paraná, Brazil

Os macroinvertebrados bentônicos e nectônicos representam elementos importantes na estrutura e funcionamento dos ecossistemas aquáticos e sua distribuição é influenciada pela natureza química do substrato, composição da vegetação e profundidade da lâmina d'água. O conhecimento desta fauna contribui para a avaliação da qualidade da água e a elaboração de ações visando à conservação da biodiversidade. No presente estudo foram avaliadas diferentes medidas bióticas da comunidade de invertebrados da represa de Alagados, importante manancial da cidade de Ponta Grossa, no Paraná. Em cinco diferentes pontos de amostragem, foram coletados 18.473 exemplares de macroinvertebrados aquáticos ou semi-aquáticos, pertencentes a 46 táxons dos filos Annelida (Hirudinea e Oligochaeta), Mollusca (Gastropoda), Platyhelminthes (Turbellaria), Nematoda e Arthropoda (Arachnida, Crustacea e Insecta). Esta comunidade foi constituída predominantemente por organismos predadores (45,7% dos táxons amostrados), seguidos de coletores e/ou filtradores (23,9%); raspadores (15,2%), fragmentadores (13%) e detritívoros (2,2%). De modo geral, os índices de diversidade (H') e equitabilidade (J) foram significativamente baixos para os cinco locais investigados, com H' variando de 0,3301 a 1,0396. Quanto à tolerância dos organismos à poluição orgânica, alguns táxons mais sensíveis foram muito raros (Plecoptera) ou em baixa frequência (Trichoptera e Ephemeroptera). Entre os grupos mais resistentes a ambientes poluídos estão os Chironomidae e os Hirudinea, ambos bastante comuns nas amostras de Alagados. Este estudo reforça a importância da análise de bioindicadores na avaliação da qualidade de água para consumo humano e também para a conservação de ecossistemas, considerando que um programa de monitoramento ambiental deve integrar medidas físicas, químicas e biológicas.Benthic and nektonic macroinvertebrates play an important role in the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems and their distribution is influenced by chemical features of the substrate, vegetation composition, and water depth. Knowledge on the fauna contributes to the assessment of water quality and development of biodiversity conservation activities. Different biotic factors affecting the invertebrate community were evaluated in the Alagados reservoir, the main water source of the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná. In five different sampling points, 18,473 specimens of aquatic or semiaquatic macroinvertebrates were collected, belonging to 46 taxa of the phylla Annelida (Hirudinea and Oligochaeta), Mollusca (Gastropoda), Platyhelminthes (Turbellaria), Nematoda and Arthropoda (Arachnida, Crustacea and Insecta). This community was composed mainly of predators (45.7% of the taxa sampled), collectors and/or filterers (23.9%), scrapers (15.2%), shredders (13.0%) and detritivores (2.2%). Diversity (H') and evenness (J) indices were significantly low for the sites examined, and H' ranged between 0.3301 and 1.0396. Regarding tolerance of organisms to organic pollution, more sensitive taxa were very rare (Plecoptera) or unusual (Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera). Among the more resistant groups are Chironomidae and Hirudinea, both fairly common in the samples. This study corroborates the importance of bioindicators as a tool to assess water quality for human consumption and for the conservation of aquatic environments, integrating physical, chemical and biological factors in monitoring programs

Baetodes santatereza Salles & Polegatto, n. sp.

<i>Baetodes santatereza</i> Salles & Polegatto, n. sp. <p>(Figs. 1 – 13)</p> <p> <i>Nymph</i>. Body length: 2.75mm; cerci: 3.3mm; terminal filament: 0.3mm. General coloration brownish.</p> <p> <i>Head</i>. Coloration brownish, with whitish area between ocelli and compound eyes, and a whitish longitudinal band between median ocelus and anterior margin of head. Compound eyes black; turbinate portion orange brown. Antennae light brown. Labrum (Fig. 2) not expanded laterally, dorsal surface of each side of midline with a row of six setae; four setae near midline, alternating one long, one short, and two long setae near lateral margin. Hypopharynx as in Figure 3, apex of lingua broadly pointed. Mandibles as in Figs. 4 – 5. Maxillae (Fig. 6) medially with three setae. Labium (Fig. 7), with glossae shorter than paraglossae, and with two bladelike setae, the medial nonpectinate and the lateral pectinate, and five fine setae in lateral margin; paraglossae with one slightly pectinate hard seta among various fine pectinate setae.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i>. Coloration brownish; pronotum eventually with dark longitudinal bands on lateral margins and along midline; pleura and sterna yellowish white. Pronotum with posterior margin slightly elevated (Fig. 13). Metanotum with tubercle (Fig. 13). Legs (Figs. 1, 8 – 9) light brown with whitish spot at the base and apex of all femora; dorsal edge of femora with five to seven clavate setae, nearly one half the length of long, fine setae (Figs. 8, 9). Tarsal claws (Fig. 10) with six to seven denticles, the basal three denticles small and truncate, the apical three or four denticles pointed and increasing in length. One gill on each coxa (Fig. 8).</p> <p> <i>Abdomen</i>. Coloration dark brown (Fig. 1), except terga 10 light brown; terga 6 – 9 with brown spot near midline; sterna yellowish white, with lateral margins of segments 1 – 9 suffused with brown. Segments 1 – 9 with median blunt dorsal tubercle, and fine long setae (Figs. 11, 13); posterior ¼ of terga covered with minute spines (Fig. 11). Gills oblong, whitish translucent with tracheation weakly pigmented (Fig. 12). Caudal filaments yellowish white.</p> <p> <b>Adults</b>: unknown</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>: after Santa Tereza, former name of the Ecological Station where the new species was found.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>: Holotype. Male nymph. Brazil, São Paulo State, Ribeirão Preto, Ecological Station of Ribeirão Preto-Santa Tereza Forest (STF), Boa Vista Stream, 01.X.2004, C.M. Polegatto, Cristina Perin, Diego Barione, Camila M. Silva, Jeanne M. J. Amaral. Paratypes. 10 nymphs, same data as holotype, except two nymphs collected in 04.X.2004.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>: <i>Baetodes santatereza</i>, <b>n. sp.</b>, can be distinguished from the other known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: 1) small body size; 2) glossae with two bladelike setae, the medial nonpectinate and the lateral pectinate, paraglossa without nonpectinate blade-like (Fig. 7 a,b); 3) dorsal edge of femora with five to seven clavate setae, nearly one half the length of long, fine setae (Fig. 8 – 9); 4) one gill on each coxae (Fig. 8); 5) metanotum and abdominal segments 1 – 9 with dorsal tubercles (Fig. 13).</p> <p> <b>Biology</b>: Nymphs of <i>B. santatereza</i>, <b>n. sp.</b>, were collected in Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, in a third order stream in an Atlantic forest fragment, the Ecological Station of Ribeirão Preto - Santa Tereza Forest (STF). They were found living in small rapids provided by stones with ca. 50 cm, although some nymphs were also found inhabiting deep stones in riffle areas. In rapids the nymphs were more abundant at the end of the rainy season to the beginning of the dry/cold months, decreasing in the following months. The following measures were taken during the samples: water temperature 20.3o C in July to 22.4o in the first warm months; pH is 6.2 – 6.9.</p> <p>The STF is located in a large agricultural area, with sugarcane as the chief crop, where most of the forests were destroyed in the last decades. Although the canopy is abundant over the stream, depositional material is common due the reduction or absence of parts of the riparian vegetation. Integral protection of the STF still depends on Brazilian and regional laws.</p>Published as part of <i>Salles, Frederico Falcão & Polegatto, Cleber Macedo, 2008, Two new species of Baetodes Needham & Murphy (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Brazil, pp. 43-50 in Zootaxa 1851</i> on pages 44-46, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/183420">10.5281/zenodo.183420</a&gt

Baetodes liviae Polegatto & Salles, n. sp.

<i>Baetodes liviae</i> Polegatto & Salles, n. sp. <p>(Figs. 14 – 25)</p> <p> <i>Nymph</i>. Body length: 4.2mm; cerci: 5.0mm; terminal filament: 0.5mm. General coloration brownish.</p> <p> <i>Head</i>. Coloration brownish, with anterior gray areas and dark brown spots on midline and posterior area of head capsule. Compound eyes black; turbinate portion dark brown. Antennae whitish. Labrum (Fig. 15) not expanded laterally, dorsal surface of each side of midline with a row of six setae; four setae near midline, alternating one long, one short, and two long setae near lateral margin, and also a group of ca. nine short, fine, setae posteriorlly. Hypopharynx as in Figure 16, apex of lingua broadly pointed. Mandibles as in Figs. 17 – 18, with a ventral group of fine, long, simple setae near anterior margin; right prostheca covered with minute setae. Maxillae (Fig. 19) with three setae medially. Labium (Fig. 20). Glossa little shorter than paraglossa, apex with one pectinate blade-like seta and four fine, stout, simple setae; paraglossa without nonpectinate blade-like, but with one robust, pectinate seta.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i>. Coloration brownish, with dark brown marks as in Fig. 14; pleura whitish with hard parts gray, sterna white. Pronotum with posterior margin slightly elevated (similar to Fig. 13). Metanotum with tubercle. Legs (Fig. 14, 21) coloration dark brown with light brown areas on femur and tarsus, dorsal edge of femora with 6 to 8 clavate setae, eventually 13, nearly the length of long fine setae (Figs. 21 – 22). Tarsal claws (Fig. 23), with one large subapical denticle, and about 7 basal small denticles. One gill on each coxae (Fig. 21).</p> <p> <i>Abdomen</i>. Coloration light brown; anterior and posterior margin of terga with brownish to dark brownish marks as in Fig. 14; sterna whitish-brown. Segments 1 – 9 with median blunt, small, dorsal tubercle, and fine long setae; posterior ¼ of terga covered with minute spines (Fig. 24). Gills oblong, whitish translucent, main trachea weakly pigmented (Fig. 25). Caudal filaments light brown.</p> <p> <b>Adults</b>: unknown</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>: the name of this new species is in honor of Lívia Pinheiro, who collected the specimens and for her friendship and help.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>: Holotype. Mature nymph. Brazil, Paraná State, Morretes, Nhundiaquara Stream, near Porto de Cima, 8km from city, 10.II.2005, Lívia Pinheiro. Paratypes. 12 nymphs, same data as holotype, but collected in VIII.2005.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>: <i>Baetodes liviae</i>, <b>n. sp.</b>, can be distinguished from the other known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: 1) large body size; 2) glossae with one pectinate bladelike setae, paraglossa without nonpectinate blade-like (Fig. 20); 3) third segment of labial palp nearly half the length of the second segment (Fig. 20 a); 4) dorsal edge of femora often with 6 to 8 clavate setae, nearly the length of long fine setae (Figs. 21 – 22); 5) one gill on each coxa (Fig. 21); 6) metanotum and abdominal segments 1 – 9 with dorsal small tubercles; and 7) body color pattern (Fig. 14).</p> <p> <b>Biology</b>: The stream where this species was collected has a width near 10m, shallow water, with large and medium stones. There is a large area with well preserved forest, but some parts are disturbed by human activity, mainly because of tourism points and farms.</p>Published as part of <i>Salles, Frederico Falcão & Polegatto, Cleber Macedo, 2008, Two new species of Baetodes Needham & Murphy (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Brazil, pp. 43-50 in Zootaxa 1851</i> on pages 47-49, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/183420">10.5281/zenodo.183420</a&gt

Segesta riograndensis Siegloch & Polegatto, n. sp.

Segesta riograndensis Siegloch & Polegatto n. sp. Nymph, mature, female (in alcohol). Body length: 6mm; terminal filament: 7mm, cerci: about 6 / 7 of length of terminal filament; general coloration gray spotted. Head. Dorsum of head orange­brown, with a narrow transverse dark brown band between ocelli extending to anterior base of eyes. Mouthparts: orange­brown, lighter in ventral surface; cardo and base of mandibles darker. Labrum (Fig. 1): dorsal row of about 50 long fine setae, very close to anterior margin; a group of about 9 dorsal curved setae on each half. Mandibles as in figures 3–6. Maxillae (Figs. 7–9): Cardo with about 6 short setae; stipes with minute basal posterior prominence on outer margin; anterior margin of galealacinia completely occupied by hard brush of setae; in ventral anteromedian area, about 15 pectinate setae, with apical comb, and one large pectinate setae with complete comb (Fig. 9). Hypopharynx as in Fig. 10. Labium as in Fig. 11. Thorax. Dorsum of thorax orange­brown with dark spots at anterior and posterolateral margins of pronotum, and at the base of fore wingpad. Pronotum with row of about 8 spine­like setae on anterolateral margin. Legs: Orange­brown, dorsal surface of coxae with small dark spots; ventral surface of fore femora with two basal gray spots and two other apical; ventral surface of middle and hind femora with an apical gray spot. Forelegs (Fig. 13) with long fine setae on posterior margin of femora, and hard spatulate setae of various sizes, ca. 6 long, and ca. 14 short; short setae on anterior margin of femora and short spatulate setae on dorsal surface; long fine setae on posterior margin of tibiae and tarsi, and short spine­like setae on anterior margin of tibiae and tarsi; midlegs (Fig. 14) similar to forelegs, but femora with ca. 8 long and ca. 3 short spatulate setae on femora; hindlegs (Fig. 15) similar to those described before, but femora with ca. 8 long and ca. 14 short spatulate setae, and spatulate setae also on tibiae, ca. 6 long and 8 short. Tarsal claws (Fig. 16) with small subequal denticles, about 6 apical and 6 basal; a big subapical denticle absent; apical denticle curved. Abdomen. Gray spotted, as in Fig. 17. Margin of tergum 5 as in Fig. 19. Shape of caudal filaments as in Fig. 18. Nymph, mature, male. Eye. Lower portion black, upper portion orange­brown. Body length 6,3mm. Adults: unknown. Material examined: Holotype, female nymph, Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Independência, Santa Rosa River, A.E. Siegloch, I. 2005, deposited at MZSP. Paratypes, 7 nymphs; 2 nymphs same data as holotype, but 1 male and 4 female, XIII. 2005; 1 male and 2 female deposited in MZSP, and 4 female at MSNZRS. Geographical distribution: The type­species was collected in northwestern Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. There is also a record of a similar nymph (undescribed) for Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso, western Brazil. Habitat: The nymphs were found on rocks and stones in the river, at an altitude of about 300 m. Etymology: The epithet riograndensis refers to State of Rio Grande do Sul, where the species was collected.Published as part of Siegloch, Ana E., Polegatto, Cleber M. & Froehlich, Claudio G., 2006, Segesta riograndensis, new genus and species of an Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) mayfly from southern Brazil, pp. 35-43 in Zootaxa 1299 on pages 38-41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17359

Segesta Siegloch & Polegatto

Segesta Siegloch & Polegatto n. gen. Nymph, mature, female. Head. Prognathous. Clypeus (Fig. 1): narrower than labrum, i.e. width ca. 2 / 3 of the width of labrum, with slightly divergent and sinuous margins. Labrum (Fig. 1): expanded laterally, with rounded margins, anterior margin with shallow emargination; three rounded denticles on anterior emargination (Fig. 2); length of labrum 1 / 3 of width; large dorsal row of fine setae closer to anterior margin and a group of setae on dorsal surface; on ventral surface, anterior and middle area with short setae, relatively long setae at wide area of margins. Mandibles (Figs. 3–6): Semilunar in shape and with round margins; setae present on whole extension of lateral margin; a small ventral V shaped row of fine setae (Fig. 5); right mandible with relatively slender incisors, the anterior one with three apical denticles, the posterior one with two apical denticles and minute marginal spines; prostheca slender with two portions, one long hard spine­like setae, and one group of fine setae on a projected base (Fig. 6); a row of about 9 setae closer to mola; left mandible with more robust incisors, both with three apical denticles, the posterior one with minute marginal spines; prostheca with two portions, one projection with a pectinate and a simple setae, and one projection with a group of fine setae; setae closer to mola absent. Maxillae (Figs. 7–9): General shape rectangular, stipes with minute posterior prominence on outer margin, brush of setae on apical margin of galealacinia and fine median setae as found in other Atalophlebiinae; maxillary palp well developed, attached at mid length of maxillae, with various setae, long and short, curved inwards; first segment with rectangular shape, with margins slightly curved; second segment subequal in size to first segment; third segment about two times the length of second segment; third segment with row of long fine setae on lateral margin, same kind of setae on ventral surface, and relatively short setae on median margin in two different rows; third segment curved inwards (Fig. 8). Hypopharynx: Lingua and superliguae as in Fig. 10. Labium (Fig. 11): Glossae with numerous ventral short setae and some dorsal short setae; paraglossae with dorsal rows of setae of different sizes and ventral row of subequal fine setae; prementum small, with labial palps attached at anterior area of lateral margin; postmentum without lateral setae, with minute ventral setae on posterior area; length of paraglossae about half of width; labial palp well developed, first segment long and rectangular, length slightly larger than width of paraglossae; second segment very long, about two times the first segment and curved inwards, with long fine setae on lateral margin and other setae as in Fig. 11; third segment reduced to about 1 / 6 of length of first segment, with few fine setae (Fig 12). Thorax. Legs: Forelegs with long fine setae on femur, and hard spatulate setae of varied sizes, long fine setae on tibiae and tarsi, other short setae as in Fig. 13. Midlegs and hindlegs similar to forelegs, but with spatulate setae on hind tibiae (Figs. 14, 15). Tarsal claws (Fig. 16) with small subequal denticles, without large subapical denticle. Hind wingpads present. Abdomen. Posterolateral spines on segments 2 to 9, those on 7 to 9 progressively larger. Gills on segments 1 to 7; gills slender, with main tracheae visible without ramifications, minute setae on margins of gills (Fig. 20). The new genus can be distinguished from other genera of Atalophlebiinae by the following combination of characters: clypeus slightly divergent with sinuous margin; labrum with shallow emargination and three non­prominent denticles; maxillary palp very large and curved with setae in varied combinations; labial palp very long and curved, with long setae; paraglossae wider than long; abdominal posterolateral spines gradually longer posteriorly. Type­species: Segesta riograndensis Adults: unknown Etymology: Segesta is a goddess of harvests; the name refers to shape of the maxillary and labial palps, that recalls sickles used in harvesting.Published as part of Siegloch, Ana E., Polegatto, Cleber M. & Froehlich, Claudio G., 2006, Segesta riograndensis, new genus and species of an Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) mayfly from southern Brazil, pp. 35-43 in Zootaxa 1299 on pages 36-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17359