International Legal Scholarship in Canada

International law scholarship in Canada is largely limited to a small group of decentralized writers facing a vast and ill-defined field. In those areas in which significant work has been undertaken - the law of the sea, for example - Canadian scholarship is limited by a commitment to a national perspective rather than a recognition of the interests of the global community. The work is largely descriptive, and avoids a deeper theoretical analysis. International law is seen as a fringe discipline, and is presently unable to support the specialized effort necessary to produce the fundamental research that is badly needed if the significance of the area is to be recognize

Introduction

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International Legal Scholarship in Canada

International law scholarship in Canada is largely limited to a small group of decentralized writers facing a vast and ill-defined field. In those areas in which significant work has been undertaken - the law of the sea, for example - Canadian scholarship is limited by a commitment to a national perspective rather than a recognition of the interests of the global community. The work is largely descriptive, and avoids a deeper theoretical analysis. International law is seen as a fringe discipline, and is presently unable to support the specialized effort necessary to produce the fundamental research that is badly needed if the significance of the area is to be recognize

Relationships between cardiovascular disease risk, neuropathic pain, mental health, and autonomic function in chronic spinal cord injury

Study design: Multicentre, cross-sectional study. Objectives: To determine if clinical measures of poor mental health (MH-) and neuropathic pain (NP) are related to increased CVD risk in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), and further elucidate the relationships between CVD risk, autonomic function, NP, and MH-. Setting: Eight SCI rehabilitation centres in the Netherlands. Methods: Individuals (n = 257) with a traumatic, chronic (≥10 yrs) SCI, with age at injury between 18–35 years, completed a self-report questionnaire and a one-day visit to a rehabilitation centre for testing. CVD risk was calculated using Framingham risk score. NP was inferred using The Douleur Neuropathique 4 clinical examination, and MH- was assessed using the five-item Mental Health Inventory questionnaire. Cardiovascular autonomic function was determined from peak heart rate during maximal exercise (HRpeak). Results: There was a high prevalence of both NP (39%) and MH- (45%) following SCI. MH- was significantly correlated with an adverse CVD risk profile (r = 0.174; p = 0.01), increased the odds of adverse 30-year CVD risk by 2.2 (CI 0.92–2.81, p = 0.02), and is an important variable in determining CVD risk (importance=0.74, p = 0.05). Females (p = 0.05) and those with a higher HRpeak (p = 0.046) tended to be more likely to have NP. Conclusions: Clinical measures of MH-, but not NP, are important factors for increased CVD risk following SCI. NP tended to be more prevalent in those with more preserved cardiovascular autonomic function. The interrelationships between secondary consequences of SCI are complex and need further exploration.</p

Relationships between cardiovascular disease risk, neuropathic pain, mental health, and autonomic function in chronic spinal cord injury

Study design: Multicentre, cross-sectional study. Objectives: To determine if clinical measures of poor mental health (MH-) and neuropathic pain (NP) are related to increased CVD risk in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), and further elucidate the relationships between CVD risk, autonomic function, NP, and MH-. Setting: Eight SCI rehabilitation centres in the Netherlands. Methods: Individuals (n = 257) with a traumatic, chronic (≥10 yrs) SCI, with age at injury between 18–35 years, completed a self-report questionnaire and a one-day visit to a rehabilitation centre for testing. CVD risk was calculated using Framingham risk score. NP was inferred using The Douleur Neuropathique 4 clinical examination, and MH- was assessed using the five-item Mental Health Inventory questionnaire. Cardiovascular autonomic function was determined from peak heart rate during maximal exercise (HRpeak). Results: There was a high prevalence of both NP (39%) and MH- (45%) following SCI. MH- was significantly correlated with an adverse CVD risk profile (r = 0.174; p = 0.01), increased the odds of adverse 30-year CVD risk by 2.2 (CI 0.92–2.81, p = 0.02), and is an important variable in determining CVD risk (importance=0.74, p = 0.05). Females (p = 0.05) and those with a higher HRpeak (p = 0.046) tended to be more likely to have NP. Conclusions: Clinical measures of MH-, but not NP, are important factors for increased CVD risk following SCI. NP tended to be more prevalent in those with more preserved cardiovascular autonomic function. The interrelationships between secondary consequences of SCI are complex and need further exploration.</p

Evaluation of cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury

Study design: Multicentre, cross-sectional study. Objectives: To identify which markers of obesity, injury characteristics and autonomic function variables are related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk after spinal cord injury (SCI), and establish cut-points for detection and risk management. Setting: Eight SCI rehabilitation centres in the Netherlands. Methods: Individuals (n = 257) with a traumatic, chronic (≥10 years) SCI, with age at injury between 18 and 35 years, completed a self-report questionnaire and a one-day visit to a rehabilitation centre for testing. Three anthropometric measures were tested: body mass index (BMI); waist circumference (WC); and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Injury characteristics included: American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (AIS); duration of injury (DOI); and neurological level of injury (LOI). Cardiovascular autonomic function was assessed from peak heart rate during maximal exercise (HRpeak). Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and aerobic capacity (VO2peak) were also determined. CVD risk was calculated using the Framingham risk score (FRS). Results: All anthropometric variables were associated with FRS, with WC showing the strongest correlation (r = 0.41, p < 0.001) and greatest area under the curve (0.73) for 10-year CVD risk (%). WC, DOI, SAP, HRpeak, LOI, and VO2peak (variable importance: 0.81, 1.0, 0.98, 0.98, 0.66, 0.68, respectively) were important predictive variables for 10-year CVD risk in individuals with SCI. Conclusions: We confirm that WC is a simple, practical measure of CVD risk, and along with DOI and markers of cardiovascular autonomic function, plays a role in the increased CVD risk following SCI