2,422 research outputs found

    The aging of the unions in West Germany, 1980 - 2006

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    Using data from the social survey ALLBUS for West Germany in the period 1980 to 2006, this paper demonstrates that union members are on average older than non-unionized employees. The probability of being unionized shows the inverted U-shaped pattern in age conjectured by Blanchflower (BJIR 2007) only in very few years. It is demonstrated that both intra-cohort change and cohort replacement effects have played a roughly equal role in the substantial fall in union density since 1980. If older cohorts with high densities continue to be replaced by young cohorts with low densities, average union density will fall further. -- Unter Verwendung von ALLBUS-Daten der Jahre 1980 bis 2006 fĂŒr Westdeutschland zeigt dieser Beitrag, dass Gewerkschaftsmitglieder im Durchschnitt Ă€lter sind als nicht gewerkschaftlich organisierte BeschĂ€ftigte. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer gewerkschaftlichen Mitgliedschaft weist nur in sehr wenigen Jahren den von Blanchflower (BJIR 2007) postulierten umgekehrt U-förmigen Zusammenhang mit dem Alter auf. Es wird gezeigt, dass Intra-Kohorten-Effekte und Kohortenersatz-Effekte eine ungefĂ€hr gleich große Rolle beim deutlichen RĂŒckgang des gewerkschaftlichen Organisationsgrads seit 1980 gespielt haben. Falls weiterhin Ă€ltere Kohorten mit hohem Organisationsgrad durch Kohorten von JĂŒngeren mit geringem Organisationsgrad ersetzt werden, wird der durchschnittliche Organisationsgrad weiter zurĂŒckgehen.union membership,union density,cohort effects,West Germany

    Exporting firms do not pay higher wages, ceteris paribus : First evidence from linked employer-employee data

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    18 studies using data from 20 highly developed, developing, and less developed countries document that average wages in exporting firms are higher than in non-exporting firms from the same industry and region. The existence of these so-called exporter wage premia is one of the stylized facts found in the emerging literature on the microeconometrics of international trade. This paper uses a large and rich set of linked employer-employee data from Germany to demonstrate that these premia vanish when individual characteristics of the employees and of the work place are controlled for. -- 18 Studien, die sich auf Daten aus 20 hochentwickelten, sich entwickelnden und weniger entwickelten LĂ€ndern stĂŒtzen, zeigen, dass die Durchschnittslöhne in exportierenden Firmen höher liegen als in nichtexportierenden Firmen aus der gleichen Branche und Region. Die Existenz dieser LohnzuschlĂ€ge bei Exporteuren ist einer der stilisierten Fakten der wachsenden Literatur zur Mikroökonometrie des internationalen Handels. Die vorliegende Arbeit verwendet einen großen und reichhaltigen Satz von kombinierten Firmen- BeschĂ€ftigten-Daten aus Deutschland um zu zeigen, dass diese LohnzuschlĂ€ge verschwinden, wenn die individuellen Charakteristika der Mitarbeiter und des Arbeitsplatzes angemessen berĂŒcksichtigt werden.Exports,wages,exporter wage premia,linked employer-employee data,Germany

    Higher Wages in Exporting Firms: Self-selection, Export Effect, or Both? First Evidence from German Linked Employer-Employee Data

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    ABSTRACT: While it is a stylized fact that exporting firms pay higher wages than non-exporting firms, the direction of the link between exporting and wages is less clear. Using a rich set of German linked employer-employee panel data we follow over time plants that start to export. We show that the exporter wage premium does already exist in the years before firms start to export, and that it does not increase in the following years. Higher wages in exporting firms are thus due to self-selection of more productive, better paying firms into export markets; they are not caused by export activities.exports; wages; exporter wage premium; Germany

    Wage Cyclicality under Different Regimes of Industrial Relations

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    Since there is scant evidence on the role of industrial relations in wage cyclicality, this paper analyzes the effect of collective wage contracts and of works councils on real wage growth. Using linked employer-employee data for western Germany, we find that works councils affect wage growth only in combination with collective bargaining. Wage adjustments to positive and negative economic shocks are not always symmetric. Only under sectoral bargaining there is a (nearly symmetric) reaction to rising and falling unemployment. In contrast, wage growth in establishments without collective bargaining adjusts only to falling unemployment and is unaffected by rising unemployment.wage cyclicality, wage bargaining, works council, Germany

    Low-wage employment versus unemployment: which one provides better prospects for women?

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    This study analyzes state dependence in low-wage employment of western German women using GSOEP data, 2000-2006. We estimate dynamic multinomial logit models with random effects and find that having a low-wage job increases the probability of being low-paid and decreases the chances of being high-paid in the future, in particular for low-paid women working part-time. However, concerning future wage prospects low-paid women are clearly better off than unemployed or inactive women. We argue that for women low-wage jobs can serve as stepping stones out of unemployment and are to be preferred to staying unemployed and waiting for a better job. -- Mit Daten des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels fĂŒr 2000-2006 untersucht diese Studie die Wahrscheinlichkeit westdeutscher Frauen, in NiedriglohnbeschĂ€ftigungen zu verbleiben ("state dependence"). Wir schĂ€tzen dynamische multinomiale Logit-Modelle mit zufĂ€lligen Effekten und finden, dass ein Niedriglohnjob die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer NiedriglohntĂ€tigkeit in der Zukunft erhöht und die Chancen auf einen Hochlohnjob verringert. Dies gilt insbesondere fĂŒr geringverdienende Frauen, die Teilzeit arbeiten. Allerdings sind die Aussichten bezĂŒglich kĂŒnftiger Löhne fĂŒr Frauen in NiedriglohntĂ€tigkeiten deutlich besser als fĂŒr solche, die arbeitslos oder inaktiv sind. Wir folgern daraus, dass fĂŒr Frauen Niedriglohnjobs als Sprungbrett aus der Arbeitslosigkeit dienen können und dass sie eine bessere Alternative darstellen als arbeitslos zu bleiben und auf bessere Arbeitsplatzangebote zu warten.low-pay dynamics,state dependence,dynamic multinomial logit model

    Gender Differences in Labor Supply to Monopsonistic Firms: An Empirical Analysis Using Linked Employer-Employee Data from Germany

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    This paper investigates women's and men's labor supply to the firm within a structural approach based on a dynamic model of new monopsony. Using methods of survival analysis and a linked employer-employee dataset for Germany, we find that labor supply elasticities are small (0.9 - 2.4) and that women's labor supply to the firm is substantially less elastic than men's (which is the reverse of gender differences in labor supply usually found at the level of the market). One implication of these findings is that the gender pay gap could be the result of wage discrimination by profit-maximizing monopsonistic employers.labor supply, monopsony, gender, discrimination

    Higher Wages in Exporting Firms: Self-Selection, Export Effect, or Both? First Evidence from German Linked Employer-Employee Data

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    While it is a stylized fact that exporting firms pay higher wages than non-exporting firms, the direction of the link between exporting and wages is less clear. Using a rich set of German linked employer-employee panel data we follow over time plants that start to export. We show that the exporter wage premium does already exist in the years before firms start to export, and that it does not increase in the following years. Higher wages in exporting firms are thus due to self-selection of more productive, better paying firms into export markets; they are not caused by export activities.exports, wages, exporter wage premium, Germany

    Works Councils and Separations: Voice, Monopoly, and Insurance Effects

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    Using a large linked employer-employee data set for Germany, we find that the existence of a works council is associated with a lower separation rate to employment, in particular for men and workers with low tenure. While works council monopoly effects show up in all specifications, clear voice effects are only visible for low tenured workers. Works councils also reduce separations to non-employment, and this impact is more pronounced for men. Insurance effects only show up for workers with tenure of more than one year. Our results indicate that works councils primarily represent the interests of a specific clientele.works council, separations, collective voice, duration models, Germany

    Gender Differences in Labor Supply to Monopsonistic Firms : An Empirical Analysis Using Linked Employer-Employee Data from Germany

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    This paper investigates women?s and men?s labor supply to the firm within a structural approach based on a dynamic model of new monopsony. Using methods of survival analysis and a linked employer-employee dataset for Germany, we find that labor supply elasticities are small (0.9?2.4) and that women?s labor supply to the firm is substantially less elastic than men?s (which is the reverse of gender differences in labor supply usually found at the level of the market). One implication of these findings is that the gender pay gap could be the result of wage discrimination by profit-maximizing monopsonistic employers. -- Mithilfe eines strukturellen Ansatzes, der auf einem dynamischen Monopsonmodell beruht, untersuchen wir das Arbeitsangebot von Frauen und MĂ€nnern auf Firmenebene. Die unter Verwendung von Verweildauermodellen und eines deutschen kombinierten Firmen-BeschĂ€ftigten-Datensatzes geschĂ€tzten ArbeitsangebotselastizitĂ€ten sind gering (0,9?2,4) und fallen fĂŒr Frauen erheblich geringer aus als fĂŒr MĂ€nner (wĂ€hrend man fĂŒr das Arbeitangebot auf Marktebene ĂŒblicherweise eine höhere ElastizitĂ€t fĂŒr Frauen findet). Eine Implikation hieraus ist, dass geschlechtsspezifische Lohndifferentiale die Folge von Lohndiskriminierung seitens gewinnmaximierender monopsonistischer Arbeitgeber sein könnten.labor supply,monopsony,gender,discrimination

    Higher wages in exporting firms: self-selection, export effect, or both? First evidence from German linked employer-employee data

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    While it is a stylized fact that exporting firms pay higher wages than non-exporting firms, the direction of the link between exporting and wages is less clear. Using a rich set of German linked employer-employee panel data we follow over time plants that start to export. We show that the exporter wage premium does already exist in the years before firms start to export, and that it does not increase in the following years. Higher wages in exporting firms are thus due to self-selection of more productive, better paying firms into export markets; they are not caused by export activities. -- WĂ€hrend es als stilisiertes Faktum gilt, dass exportierende Firmen höhere Löhne zahlen als nicht exportierende, ist die Richtung des Zusam-menhangs zwischen Exportieren und Löhnen weniger klar. Unter Verwendung eines großen verbundenen Arbeitgeber-Arbeitnehmer-Datensatzes fĂŒr Deutschland verfolgen wir Betriebe, die anfangen zu exportieren, ĂŒber die Zeit. Wir zeigen, dass der Exportlohnaufschlag bereits in den Jahren vor Aufnahme der ExporttĂ€tigkeit besteht und dass er in den Jahren danach nicht zunimmt. Höhere Löhne in exportierenden Firmen sind somit das Ergebnis einer Selbstselektion von produk-tiveren und besser zahlenden Firmen in ExportmĂ€rkte; sie werden nicht durch ExportaktivitĂ€ten verursacht.exports,wages,exporter wage premium,Germany
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