La prosodie chez les auteurs français de l'Âge classique (XVIe - XVIIIe siècle : Quelle langue ?

: Before the invention of technical tools within experimental phonetics emerging in the second half of the 19th century, the study of prosody, belonging to the field of orality, was a difficult field: the authors could only trust to their senses (especially the ear) to analyze an ephemeral phenomenon. According to their intention, their needs, their practice, but also their possibilities, their attention focused on certain factors, among which quantity occupied a dominant place for a long time. First mainly from the rhetoricians and poets who were interested in public and / or artistic speech, the study of prosody finds an echo in the works of general grammar, because it precisely allows, with melody, rhythm and accentuation of speech analysis, describing parameters and universal expressive patterns. This article proposes a reflection on two axes: the distribution of tasks between rhetoric and grammar among authors of the classical age, as well as the language (artistic, public, of conversation ...) that the authors of the various fields look at. The objective is to understand the acceptance of the term prosody in the course of history, oscillating for a long time - and until today - between two interpretations: one metric and the other intonative (cf. DI CRISTO, 2013).Avant l’invention d’outils techniques au sein de la phonétique expérimentale naissante dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, l’étude de la prosodie, appartenant au domaine de l’oralité, était un champ difficile : les auteurs ne pouvaient se fier qu’à leurs sens (notamment l’oreille) pour analyser un phénomène éphémère. Selon leur intention, leurs besoins, leur pratique, mais aussi leurs possibilités, leur attention se focalisait sur certains facteurs, parmi lesquels la quantité occupait longtemps une place dominante. D’abord principalement du ressort des rhétoriciens et des poètes qui s’intéressaient à la parole publique et/ou artistique, l’étude de la prosodie trouve un écho dans les travaux de la grammaire générale, car elle permet justement, avec l’analyse de la mélodie, du rythme et de l’accentuation de la parole, de décrire des paramètres et des modèles expressifs universels. Cet article propose une réflexion sur deux axes : la répartition des tâches entre rhétorique et grammaire chez les auteurs de l’âge classique, ainsi que la langue (artistique, publique, de conversation…) que regardent les auteurs des différents domaines. L’objectif est de comprendre l’acceptation du terme prosodie au cours de l’histoire, oscillant longtemps – et jusqu’à aujourd’hui – entre deux interprétations : l’une métrique et l’autre intonative (cf. DI CRISTO, 2013)

Adolescents: Orphaned and Vulnerable in the Time of HIV/AIDS

This paper calls for greater attention to orphaned and vulnerable adolescents by agencies working in this field

Allitérations, assonances et figuralismes : de leur histoire à leur utilisation en phonétique du FLE

Cet article présente d’abord une section historique montrant l’importance des allitérations et assonances en littérature française, mais aussi celle du figuralisme musical. Allitérations et assonances se caractérisent par la répétition de consonnes ou voyelles, propices à toute pédagogie de la prononciation : elles améliorent la mémorisation, la compréhension, et la prononciation. Après cette première section, une sélection de plusieurs textes littéraires, dont certains mis en musique, est proposée, pour leur exploitation pédagogique de la prononciation du Français Langue Étrangère : ouverture vers une perception fine de sonorités étrangères et jeux de prononciation, travail de la diction et du plaisir de parler, aide concernant quelques écarts de prononciation spécifiques (continuité des fricatives sans affrication, distinction entre occlusives non voisées et voisées, consonnes sonantes /l m n r/ et distinction entre /r/ et /l/), « figuralisme articulatoire ».This article first presents a historical section showing the importance of alliterations and assonances in French literature, but also that of musical figuralism. Alliterations and assonances are characterized by the repetition of consonants or vowels, encouraging to any pedagogical pronunciation activity: they improve memorization, comprehension, and pronunciation. After this first section, a selection of several literary texts, some of which are set to music, is proposed, for their pedagogical use in improving the pronunciation of French as a foreign language: opening towards a fine perception of foreign sounds and pronunciation games, the work of diction and the access to a pleasure of speaking, help concerning some specific pronunciation errors (continuity of fricatives without affricates production, distinction between unvoiced and voiced plosives, sonorous consonants /lmnr/ and distinction between /r/ and /l/), "articulatory figuralism"

Etanercept leads to a rapid recovery of a Dabrafenib‐/Trametinib‐associated toxic epidermal necrolysis‐like severe skin reaction

Targeted therapy with BRAF‐ and MEK‐Inhibitors (BRAFi, MEKi) provides an excellent therapeutic option for patients with malignant melanomas with a BRAF‐Mutation. Mild cutaneous adverse events have been common under the BRAF‐ and MEK‐Inhibitor therapy, on the contrary, severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs (SCARs) are rarely reported. We present the case of a 59‐ year‐old female patient who after the resection of cutaneous in‐transit metastases of a malignant melanoma received one adjuvant cycle of Nivolumab followed by a switch of the therapy to an oral BRAFi/MEKi therapy. 3–4 Weeks after the therapy switch she developed high fever, chills, progredient general weakness, headaches, abdominal complaints, generalised rash as well as thrombocytopaenia, eosinophilia, elevated liver enzymes, declining kidney, and pulmonary function as well as a maculopapular exanthema. She was diagnosed with drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and quickly started recovery after initiation of a high steroid substitution. Under steroid dose reduction, the exanthema worsened and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) was histologically diagnosed. After a series of unsuccessful therapeutic approaches (high dose steroid, human immunoglobulins and ciclosporin) the patient received a single dose of the TNF‐alpha inhibitor etanercept, which led to a quick recovery. This case demonstrates that DRESS and TEN can present a spectrum of possibly transitioning SCARs providing a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Nevertheless, in a such complicated therapeutic setting, etanercept may be lifesaving even after multiple previous unsuccessful therapies. This effective approach provides evidence SCARs due to BRAF/MEK targeted therapy may be driven by TNF‐alpha

A novel satellite mission concept for upper air water vapour, aerosol and cloud observations using integrated path differential absorption LiDAR limb sounding

We propose a new satellite mission to deliver high quality measurements of upper air water vapour. The concept centres around a LiDAR in limb sounding by occultation geometry, designed to operate as a very long path system for differential absorption measurements. We present a preliminary performance analysis with a system sized to send 75 mJ pulses at 25 Hz at four wavelengths close to 935 nm, to up to 5 microsatellites in a counter-rotating orbit, carrying retroreflectors characterized by a reflected beam divergence of roughly twice the emitted laser beam divergence of 15 µrad. This provides water vapour profiles with a vertical sampling of 110 m; preliminary calculations suggest that the system could detect concentrations of less than 5 ppm. A secondary payload of a fairly conventional medium resolution multispectral radiometer allows wide-swath cloud and aerosol imaging. The total weight and power of the system are estimated at 3 tons and 2,700 W respectively. This novel concept presents significant challenges, including the performance of the lasers in space, the tracking between the main spacecraft and the retroreflectors, the refractive effects of turbulence, and the design of the telescopes to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio for the high precision measurements. The mission concept was conceived at the Alpbach Summer School 2010

Competition and habitat quality influence age and sex distribution in wintering rusty blackbirds.

Bird habitat quality is often inferred from species abundance measures during the breeding and non-breeding season and used for conservation management decisions. However, during the non-breeding season age and sex classes often occupy different habitats which suggest a need for more habitat-specific data. Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) is a forested wetland specialist wintering in bottomland hardwood forests in the south-eastern U. S. and belongs to the most steeply declining songbirds in the U.S. Little information is available to support priority birds such as the Rusty Blackbird wintering in this threatened habitat. We assessed age and sex distribution and body condition of Rusty Blackbirds among the three major habitats used by this species in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley and also measured food availability. Overall, pecan groves had the highest biomass mainly driven by the amount of nuts. Invertebrate biomass was highest in forests but contributed only a small percentage to overall biomass. Age and sex classes were unevenly distributed among habitats with adult males primarily occupying pecan groves containing the highest nut biomass, females being found in forests which had the lowest nut biomass and young males primarily staying in forest fragments along creeks which had intermediate nut biomass. Males were in better body condition than females and were in slightly better condition in pecan groves. The results suggest that adult males occupy the highest quality habitat and may competitively exclude the other age and sex classes

Anaphylaxis in Elderly Patients-Data From the European Anaphylaxis Registry

Background: Elicitors and symptoms of anaphylaxis are age dependent. However, little is known about typical features of anaphylaxis in patients aged 65 years or more. Methods: The data from the Network for Online Registration of Anaphylaxis (NORA) considering patients aged ≥65 (elderly) in comparison to data from adults (18–64 years) regarding elicitors, symptoms, comorbidities, and treatment measures were analyzed. Results: We identified 1,123 elderly anaphylactic patients. Insect venoms were the most frequent elicitor in this group (p < 0.001), followed by drugs like analgesics and antibiotics. Food allergens elicited less frequently anaphylaxis (p < 0.001). Skin symptoms occurred less frequently in elderly patients (77%, p < 0.001). The clinical symptoms were more severe in the elderly (51% experiencing grade III/IV reactions), in particular when skin symptoms (p < 0.001) were absent. Most strikingly, a loss of consciousness (33%, p < 0.001) and preexisting cardiovascular comorbidity (59%, p < 0.001) were more prevalent in the elderly. Finally, adrenaline was used in 30% of the elderly (vs. 26% in the comparator group, p < 0.001) and hospitalization was more often required (60 vs. 50%, p < 0.001). Discussion and Conclusion: Anaphylaxis in the elderly is often caused by insect venoms and drugs. These patients suffer more often from cardiovascular symptoms, receive more frequently adrenaline and require more often hospitalization. The data indicate that anaphylaxis in the elderly tends to be more frequently life threatening and patients require intensified medical intervention. The data support the need to recognize anaphylaxis in this patient group, which is prone to be at a higher risk for a fatal outcome

Epithelial RAC1-dependent cytoskeleton dynamics controls cell mechanics, cell shedding and barrier integrity in intestinal inflammation

Objective: Increased apoptotic shedding has been linked to intestinal barrier dysfunction and development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In contrast, physiological cell shedding allows the renewal of the epithelial monolayer without compromising the barrier function. Here, we investigated the role of live cell extrusion in epithelial barrier alterations in IBD. Design: Taking advantage of conditional GGTase and RAC1 knockout mice in intestinal epithelial cells (Pggt1biΔIEC and Rac1iΔIEC mice), intravital microscopy, immunostaining, mechanobiology, organoid techniques and RNA sequencing, we analysed cell shedding alterations within the intestinal epithelium. Moreover, we examined human gut tissue and intestinal organoids from patients with IBD for cell shedding alterations and RAC1 function. Results: Epithelial Pggt1b deletion led to cytoskeleton rearrangement and tight junction redistribution, causing cell overcrowding due to arresting of cell shedding that finally resulted in epithelial leakage and spontaneous mucosal inflammation in the small and to a lesser extent in the large intestine. Both in vivo and in vitro studies (knockout mice, organoids) identified RAC1 as a GGTase target critically involved in prenylation-dependent cytoskeleton dynamics, cell mechanics and epithelial cell shedding. Moreover, inflamed areas of gut tissue from patients with IBD exhibited funnel-like structures, signs of arrested cell shedding and impaired RAC1 function. RAC1 inhibition in human intestinal organoids caused actin alterations compatible with arresting of cell shedding. Conclusion: Impaired epithelial RAC1 function causes cell overcrowding and epithelial leakage thus inducing chronic intestinal inflammation. Epithelial RAC1 emerges as key regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics, cell mechanics and intestinal cell shedding. Modulation of RAC1 might be exploited for restoration of epithelial integrity in the gut of patients with IBD