Visual Input in the Spanish Classroom: Incorporating Comprehensible Visual Input to Teach Spanish Grammar and Vocabulary in High School

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the effects of comprehensible visual input in the form of drawing on students’ self-efficacy toward learning Spanish as a second language in a classroom setting. The study also compared student test scores in classes receiving comprehensible visual input instruction with test scores of students in classes utilizing traditional second language instruction techniques. Participants for this research included 198 students in Grade 9 and Grade 10 enrolled in second year Spanish in a Catholic college preparatory high school. A 46 items Spanish Self-Efficacy Survey (SSES) was administered which included four scales: Progress, Observation Comparison, Social Feedback, and Physiological States. Participants also completed a machine scored 46 question commercially prepared standardized test. The majority of students (69%) were in Grade 10, and 56% across both grades were male. Three female Spanish classroom teachers were involved in the study. Two of the teachers are native Spanish speakers from Spain and Argentina. The third teachers studied Spanish in Spain where she acquired native like capability. There are between 45 and 60 years old and they all have over 10 years of experience teaching various levels of the language. Two teachers taught the control group, while the teacher-researcher taught the treatment group; each group consisted of 99 students. Literature on bilingualism revealed the benefits of speaking more than one language. However, in the United States, second language instruction is not federally mandated making learning a foreign language a low priority for students. Difficulty finding qualified and engaging foreign language teachers is a challenge for American iv schools, consequently, students who wish to learn a second language may not have the opportunity to do so in some jurisdictions. Participant’s responses on Likert scale items on the SSES and standardized test were also analyzed using of ANCOVAs to account for the effect of the covariant, pretest scores. The analysis showed gains on some items within the four scales of the SSES, and also showed gains in achievement on the standardized test. However, the gains were not statistically significant (p \u3c .05) for each of the four SSES scales and for the achievement test. These results may be due to limitations related to the specific context of the study and teacher effect; as other studies have found a significant difference in students’ performance when incorporating visual aids during instruction. This study adds to the literature on bilingualism and second language learning, and highlights the need for further research. This study stresses the importance of providing students with opportunities that will position them well to compete in a globalized world, especially second language learning

The Geometry of Synchronization (Long Version)

We graft synchronization onto Girard's Geometry of Interaction in its most concrete form, namely token machines. This is realized by introducing proof-nets for SMLL, an extension of multiplicative linear logic with a specific construct modeling synchronization points, and of a multi-token abstract machine model for it. Interestingly, the correctness criterion ensures the absence of deadlocks along reduction and in the underlying machine, this way linking logical and operational properties.Comment: 26 page

Burocraticos e romanticos : pontos para uma etnografia do campo jornalistico paulistano

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciencias HumanasO trabalho procura oferecer um caminho para a análise de aspectos do jornalismo paulistano. Parte do pressuposto de que este pode ser investigado a partir da noção de campo social e enfoca a relação que alguns profissionais que transitam dentro desse campo estabelecem com o jornalismo. A partir disso, identifica duas lógicas próprias de legitimação, dois modos de fazer e encarar a profissão, o jornalismo burocrático e o jornalismo romântico. Duas lógicas que são complementares e que no cotidiano das redações se misturam, constituindo o campo jornalístico enquanto tal

Literature review: Electroreception in sharks and platypus

[Resumo]: A electrorrecepción pasiva é unha modalidade sensorial que fai uso da recepción de impulsos eléctricos para localizar ás presas, así como para situarse no espazo. É unha capacidade restrinxida a animais acuáticos, tales como peixes e anfibios, os cales durante a súa evolución desenvolveron receptores sensoriais denominados electrorreceptores (situados na pel) para detectar os campos eléctricos externos. No taxón dos peixes (e, máis concretamente, nos elasmobranquios) esta habilidade está moi estendida. Sen embargo, os monotremas son os únicos mamíferos coñecidos que a posúen. Dentro deste grupo, destacarase ao ornitorrinco semiacuático (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). Neste traballo realízase unha revisión bibliográfica para describir os mecanismos electrorreceptivos dos tiburóns e ornitorrincos, co obxectivo de poder establecer unhas similitudes e/ou diferenzas entre ambos. Para isto, analízanse aspectos como o número de electrorreceptores e a súa distribución, a súa orixe e evolución, os procesos de detección e integración do sinal eléctrico, así como as posibles adaptacións do comportamento para a utilización desta información electrosensorial. Estas características estúdanse mediante a análise de experimentos levados a cabo por distintos autores dende que foi descrita a electrorrecepción pasiva por primeira vez.[Resumen]: La electrorrecepción pasiva es una modalidad sensorial que hace uso de la recepción de impulsos eléctricos para localizar a las presas, así como para situarse en el espacio. Es una capacidad restringida a animales acuáticos, tales como peces y anfibios, los cuales durante su evolución desarrollaron receptores sensoriales denominados electrorreceptores (situados en la piel) para detectar los campos eléctricos externos. En el taxón de los peces (y, más concretamente, en elasmobranquios) esta habilidad está muy extendida. Sin embargo, los monotremas son los únicos mamíferos conocidos que la poseen. Dentro de este grupo, se destaca al ornitorrinco semiacuático (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). En este trabajo se realiza una revisión bibliográfica para describir los mecanismos electrorreceptivos de los tiburones y ornitorrincos, con el objetivo de poder establecer unas similitudes y/o diferencias entre ambos. Para esto, se analizan aspectos como el número de electrorreceptores y su distribución, su origen y evolución, los procesos de detección e integración de la señal eléctrica, así como las posibles adaptaciones del comportamiento para la utilización de esta información electrosensorial. Estas características se estudian mediante el análisis de experimentos llevados a cabo por distintos autores desde que fue descrita la electrorrecepción por primera vez.[Abstract]: Passive electroreception is a sensory modality that makes use of the reception of electrical impulses to locate prey, as well as to position itself in space. It is a capability restricted to aquatic animals, such as fish and amphibians, which during their evolution developed sensory receptors called electroreceptors (located in the skin) to detect external electric fields. In the fish taxon (and, more specifically, in elasmobranchs) this ability is widespread. However, monotremes are the only mammals known to possess it. Within this group, the semi – aquatic platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) stands out. In this work, a bibliographic review is carried out to describe the electroreceptive mechanisms of sharks and platypuses, with the aim of establishing similarities and/or differences between them. For this purpose, aspects such as the number of electroreceptors and their distribution, their origin and evolution, the processes of detection and integration of the electrical signal, as well as the possible behavioral adaptations for the use of this electrosensory information are analyzed. These characteristics are studied by analyzing experiments carried out by different authors since electroreception was first described.Traballo fin de grao (UDC.CIE). Bioloxía. Curso 2021/202

Intersection Types and (Positive) Almost-Sure Termination

Randomized higher-order computation can be seen as being captured by a lambda calculus endowed with a single algebraic operation, namely a construct for binary probabilistic choice. What matters about such computations is the probability of obtaining any given result, rather than the possibility or the necessity of obtaining it, like in (non)deterministic computation. Termination, arguably the simplest kind of reachability problem, can be spelled out in at least two ways, depending on whether it talks about the probability of convergence or about the expected evaluation time, the second one providing a stronger guarantee. In this paper, we show that intersection types are capable of precisely characterizing both notions of termination inside a single system of types: the probability of convergence of any lambda-term can be underapproximated by its type, while the underlying derivation's weight gives a lower bound to the term's expected number of steps to normal form. Noticeably, both approximations are tight -- not only soundness but also completeness holds. The crucial ingredient is non-idempotency, without which it would be impossible to reason on the expected number of reduction steps which are necessary to completely evaluate any term. Besides, the kind of approximation we obtain is proved to be optimal recursion theoretically: no recursively enumerable formal system can do better than that

Azospirillum growth promotion is related to changes in ferulate and dehydrodiferulate contents in cell wall of inoculated cucumber seedlings hypocotyls

Azospirillum brasilense is a well known plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium. Plant cell growth is constrained by the primary cell wall (CW) which contains polysaccharide-bound hydroxycinammic acids (HCAs). They derive from phenylpropanoid metabolism, which first step is the reaction catalyzed by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.24). Also CW peroxidases (FAPOD; EC 1.11.1.7) play a key role in the stiffening of the CW, and in the cessation of cell elongation. Knowledge of the biochemical effects the bacteria could elicit into plant CW and how these responses could change the hypocotyl physiology still remains scarce. The objective of this work was to unravel the effects of A. brasilense Sp245 inoculation on HCAs of the primary CW in apical and basal segments of cucumber seedlings hypocotyls. Azospirillum inoculation increased hypocotyls’ length. Transferulate and p-coumarate were the major HCAs. Dimmers were detected only in the basal region of 13- and 15-d-old hypocotyls. The ratio t-ferulate/dimmer (an inverse index of CW cross-linking) was five times higher in inoculated seedlings. Enzyme activities determined were not directly involved in HCAs content changes. It was previously reported that the CW was a target for A. brasilense growth promotion. This work corroborates that the phenolics, FA, DFA, and p-coumarate bound to the CW are also involved in Azospirillum plant growth promoting strategies.EEA BalcarceFil: Dal Lago, Claudia Cristina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agarias. Unidad Integrada. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal y Microbiana; ArgentinaFil: Creus, Cecilia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Unidad Integrada. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agarias. Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal y Microbiana; ArgentinaFil: Pereyra, María Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agarias. Unidad Integrada. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal y Microbiana; Argentin

Color space distortions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Color vision impairment was examined in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) without retinopathy. We assessed the type and degree of distortions of individual color spaces. DM2 patients (n = 32), and age-matched controls (n = 20)were tested using the Farnsworth D-15 and the Lanthony D-15d tests. In addition, subsets of caps from both tests were employed in a triadic procedure (Bimler & Kirkland, 2004). Matrices of inter-cap subjective dissimilarities were estimated from each subject’s “odd-one-out” choices, and processed using non-metric multidimensional scaling. Two-dimensional color spaces, individual and group (DM2 patients; controls), were reconstructed, with the axes interpreted as the R0G and B0Y perceptual opponent systems. Compared to controls, patient results were not significant for the D-15 and D-15d. In contrast, in the triadic procedure the residual distances were significantly different compared to controls: right eye, P 0.021, and left eye, P 0.022. Color space configurations for the DM2 patients were compressed along the B0Y and R0G dimensions. The present findings agree with earlier studies demonstrating diffuse losses in early stages of DM2. The proposed method of testing uses color spaces to represent discrimination and provides more differentiated quantitative diagnosis, which may be interpreted as the perceptual color system affected. In addition, it enables the detection of very mild color vision impairment that is not captured by the D-15d test. Along with fundoscopy, individual color spaces may serve for monitoring early functional changes and thereby to support a treatment strategy