Why Former South Dakota Teachers of Vocational Agriculture Left the Profession in South Dakota 1946 through 1953

It has been known that there are many capable and qualified teachers in South Dakota public and parochial schools who have not returned to the South Dakota classrooms each fall. They have left the field of education to enter another occupation, enter military service, resume formal study, enter or return homemaking, leave the state to teach elsewhere, or a host of other reason; nevertheless, they do not return to South Dakota classrooms. The fact they have not returned to their classrooms should be a matter of grave concern to all interested in our school system. Many people have believed that in spite of all facts indicating an extreme teacher shortage in the near future the situation will solve itself. A recent Research Bulletin for Education in South Dakota indicated that of the seven thousand three hundred forty-five teachers in our public and parochial schools in 1952-53 the grand total of one thousand nine hundred twelve did not return to South Dakota classrooms for the 1953-54 school year. Yes, teachers have left; and in this paper a single category, vocational agriculture teachers, has been discussed. All information available at present has indicated this group loses a larger per cent of available teachers than other fields of education. On the national level during the prewar years 1939-41 about six teachers per one hundred were required for annual growth; whereas, in the field of vocational agriculture about thirteen teachers per one hundred were required to replace men leaving. This situation becomes more important when it is realized these vocational agriculture instructors have at least four years training on an undergraduate level with much of it specialized. In South Dakota the only institution of higher learning approved to train vocational agriculture instructors has been South Dakota State College at Brookings. Training facilities are adequate; but the number of men graduating annually is low. In 1953-54 ten men were available. In 1954-1955 nineteen will complete training; however, all of these men do not enter teaching. Thus it is illustrated; the supply has been small, and the number leaving the profession each year has increased since 1949. The writer of this paper has had eight years of teaching experience in vocational agriculture in a large, well-equipped department. During these years he has seen many teachers leave the field of vocational agriculture. Men have left established departments to enter other gainful occupations, and as a rule these men have found it relatively easy to obtain employment. Finding satisfactory men to fill all South Dakota departments has been a matter of grave concern to the State Supervisor of Vocational Agriculture, Mr. H.E. Urton, Pierre, South Dakota, and Associate Professor of Agricultural Education, Mr. Stanley Sundet, South Dakota State College, Brookings, South Dakota. Those in charge of placement have realized that the success of a department is largely dependent upon a competent teacher

China

The mere notion of bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganisation of industrial enterprises was long considered anathema in the People\u27s Republic of China (PRC or China), and directly contrary to the underlying logic of a centrally planned, state-owned economy and industrial system. The state\u27s reluctance to allow bankruptcies was rooted in the ideology of the governing Communist Party but also reflects fiscal constraints with respect to payments to unemployed workers and the recapitalisation of state-owned commercial banks forced to write off loans as bad debts. However, such notions have gained wider acceptance concurrent with: China\u27s ongoing transformation to a socialist market economy; reform of the \u27state-owned enterprise\u27 (SOE) system; corporatisation and the gradual removal of the state from control and ownership of enterprises; and the requirement that industrial enterprises survive as independent economic entities without government allocations of capital

Recreational users in Kaimanawa and Kaweka Forest Parks

This research has been undertaken under contract to the New Zealand Forest Service. It has arisen from a major study of recreational hunting in the Central North Island (Groome, Simmons, Clark, 1983). A significant data base on Forest Park Users in the Kaimanawa/Kaweka region was assembled for the recreational hunting study. While the principal purpose of that data was to explore the compatibility of a Recreational Hunting Area with existing uses of the Forest Parks, the comprehensiveness of, and response to the surveys suggested that further analysis would also be useful to management. The aim of this report, then, is to separately describe key recreational user groups within the Kaimanawa and Kaweka Forest Parks. It is envisaged that this will have direct benefit to planning and help determine promotional activity by describing recreational preference and participation behaviour of park users

Variables associated with the relational value-orientations of pupils and teachers in urban Newfoundland

The study examined the Relational value-orientations of a selected group of teachers and pupils from urban Newfoundland. Data were collected by means of written responses to a Teacher's Questionnaire and to a Pupil's Questionnaire, by 292 teachers and 584 pupils. The participating teachers were all the homeroom teachers of grades VIII, IX, X and XI from the schools of St. John's and Corner Brook. The pupil-respondents consisted of two pupils chosen randomly from each of the homerooms of these schools. -- Differences in Relational value-orientations of teachers and pupils were investigated, using as criterion variables, teachers' age, teachers' rural-outport background, pupil-involvement in the teenage culture and the socioeconomic status of pupils. Also investigated was the relationship between the degree of confidence which teachers expressed in their pupils and the difference between the Relational value-orientation scores of teachers and their pupils. The statistical procedures used to test the hypothesis included "t" tests, Pearson product-moment correlations and point biserial correlations. -- The findings indicated that the respondents appeared generally to show no great preference for one value-orientation over another. Pupils showed a small but significant tendency to choose Collaterality over Individualism more often than did their teachers, and Individualism over Lineality less often than did their teachers. Teachers' age was found to be inversely related to preference for Collaterality over Lineality. But for scores on Collaterality over Individualism, and for Individualism over Lineality there was no apparent relationship with teachers' age. No relationship was found between the Relational value-orientations of pupils and certain measures of their involvement in the teenage culture. However, when pupils were dichotomized into participants and non-participants, pupils who participated in playing sports were found to show a greater preference than non-participants for Collaterality over Individualism and for Collaterality over Lineality. Also, participants in watching sports were more Collateral and less Individualistic than non-participants. No relationship was found between the Relational value-orientations of pupils and their socioeconomic status. It was found that teachers with urban backgrounds did not differ in their Relational value-orientations from teachers with rural backgrounds. Also, there was no significant relationship found between Teachers' Confidence in Pupils and the extent of the congruence between the Relational value-orientation scores of the two groups. -- The instrument was carefully examined for reliability. The results of the reliability tests suggest the need for thorough revision of the questionnaire before further use, especially in cross-cultural studies. The present study suggests also the difficulty of studying values of one culture with a standardized instrument designed for another although highly similar culture

Microsoft Teams and team performance in the COVID-19 pandemic within an NHS Trust Community Service in North-West England

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the impact the introduction of Microsoft Teams has had on team performance in response to the COVID-19 pandemic within a National Health Service (NHS) Community Service. Design/methodology/approach Microsoft Teams was rolled out across the NHS over a period of four days, partly in response to the need for social distancing. This case study reviews how becoming a virtual team affected team performance, the role Microsoft Teams had played in supporting staff to work in higher virtuality, understand what elements underpin a successful virtual team and how these results correlate to the technology acceptance model (Davis, 1985). Findings The findings indicate that Teams made a positive impact to the team at a time of heightened clinical pressures and working in unfamiliar environments without the supportive benefits of face-to-face contact with colleagues in terms of incidental knowledge sharing and health and well-being. Originality/value Further developments were needed to make virtual meetings more accessible for introverted colleagues, support asynchronous communication, address training needs and support leaders to adapt and operate in higher virtuality

Sub-Sets of Cancer Stem Cells Differ Intrinsically in Their Patterns of Oxygen Metabolism

PMCID: PMC3640080This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Is Acropora Palmata recovering? A case study in Los Roques National Park, Venezuela

Eight years ago (2007), the distribution and status of Acropora palmata was quantified throughout Los Roques archipelago in Venezuela. The aim was to produce a baseline study for this species which combined population genetics with demographic data. The results highlighted that A. palmata had the potential to recover in at least 6 out of 10 sites surveyed. Recovery potential was assumed to be high at sites with a relatively high abundance of the coral, low disease prevalence, high genetic diversity, and high rates of sexual reproduction. However, as noted, Zubillaga et al. (2008) realized recovery was still strongly dependent on local and regional stressors. In 2014 (this study), the status of A. palmata was re-evaluated at Los Roques. We increased the number of sites from 10 in the original baseline study to 106. This allowed us to assess the population status throughout the entirety of the MPA. Furthermore, we also identified local threats that may have hindered population recovery. Here, we show that A. palmata now has a relatively restricted distribution throughout the park, only occurring in 15% of the sites surveyed. Large stands of old dead colonies were common throughout the archipelago; a result which demonstrates that this species has lost almost 50% of its original distribution over the past decades. The majority of corals recorded were large adults (∼2 m height), suggesting that these older colonies might be less susceptible or more resilient to local and global threats. However, 45% of these surviving colonies showed evidence of partial mortality and degradation of living tissues. Interestingly, the greatest increase in partial mortality occurred at sites with the lowest levels of protection (${X}_{o}^{2}=5.4> {X}_{c}^{2}=4.5$; df = 4, p {X}_{\mathrm{cri}}^{2}=1 5.5$; df = 8; p < 0.05) in the density of A. palmata in sites that had previously been categorized as having a high potential for recovery. One explanation for this continued decline may be due to the fact that over the past 10 years, two massive bleaching events have occurred throughout the Caribbean with records showing that Los Roques has experienced unprecedented declines in overall coral cover. We therefore conclude that although local protection could promote recovery, the impacts from global threats such as ocean warming may hamper the recovery of this threatened species

Cost-utility analysis of adding abiraterone acetate plus prednisone/prednisolone to long-term hormone therapy in newly diagnosed advanced prostate cancer in England: Lifetime decision model based on STAMPEDE trial data

Adding abiraterone acetate (AA) plus prednisolone (P) to standard of care (SOC) improves survival in newly diagnosed advanced prostate cancer (PC) patients starting hormone therapy. Our objective was to determine the value for money to the English National Health Service (NHS) of adding AAP to SOC. We used a decision analytic model to evaluate cost-effectiveness of providing AAP in the English NHS. Between 2011-2014, the STAMPEDE trial recruited 1917 men with high-risk localised, locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic PC starting first-line androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), and they were randomised to receive SOC plus AAP, or SOC alone. Lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were estimated using STAMPEDE trial data supplemented with literature data where necessary, adjusting for baseline patient and disease characteristics. British National Formulary (BNF) prices (£98/day) were applied for AAP. Costs and outcomes were discounted at 3.5%/year. AAP was not cost-effective. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was £149,748/QALY gained in the non-metastatic (M0) subgroup, with 2.4% probability of being cost-effective at NICE's £30,000/QALY threshold; and the metastatic (M1) subgroup had an ICER of £47,503/QALY gained, with 12.0% probability of being cost-effective. Scenario analysis suggested AAP could be cost-effective in M1 patients if priced below £62/day, or below £28/day in the M0 subgroup. AAP could dominate SOC in the M0 subgroup with price below £11/day. AAP is effective for non-metastatic and metastatic disease but is not cost-effective when using the BNF price. AAP currently only has UK approval for use in a subset of M1 patients. The actual price currently paid by the English NHS for abiraterone acetate is unknown. Broadening AAP's indication and having a daily cost below the thresholds described above is recommended, given AAP improves survival in both subgroups and its cost-saving potential in M0 subgroup

Parsec-scale Properties of Brightest Cluster Galaxies

We present new VLBI observations at 5 GHz of a complete sample of Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCGs) in nearby Abell Clusters (distance class <3). Combined with data from the literature, this provides parsec-scale information for 34 BCGs. Our analysis of their parsec scale radio emission and cluster X-ray properties shows a possible dichotomy between BCGs in cool core clusters and those in non cool core clusters. Among resolved sources, those in cool core clusters tend to have two-sided parsec-scale jets, while those in less relaxed clusters have predominantly one-sided parsec-scale jets. We suggest that this difference could be the result of interplay between the jets and the surrounding medium. The one-sided structure in non cool core clusters could be due to Doppler boosting effects in relativistic, intrinsically symmetric jets; two-sided morphology in cool core clusters is likely related to the presence of heavy and mildly relativistic jets slowed down on the parsec-scale. Evidence of recurrent activity are also found in BCGs in cool core clusters.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Factors affecting the microwave coking of coals and the implications on microwave cavity design

The work carried out in this paper assessed how processing conditions and feedstock affect the quality of the coke produced during microwave coke making. The aim was to gather information that would support the development of an optimised microwave coke making oven. Experiments were carried out in a non-optimised 2450 MHz cylindrical cavity. The effect of treatment time (15–120 min), power input (750 W–4.5 kW) and overall power input (1700–27,200 kWh/t) on a range of coals (semi-bituminous–anthracite) was investigated. Intrinsic reactivity, random reflectance, strength index and dielectric properties of the produced cokes were compared with those of two commercial cokes to assess the degree of coking produced in the microwave system. Overall energy input and coal rank were found to be the major factors determining the degree of coking following microwave treatment. The dependency on coal rank was attributed to the larger amount of volatiles that had to be removed from the lower ranked coals, and the increasing dielectric loss of the organic component of the coal with rank due to increased structural ordering. Longer treatment times at lower powers or shorter treatment times at higher powers are expected to produce the same degree of coking. It was concluded that microwave coke making represents a potential step-change in the coking industry by reducing treatment times by an order of magnitude, introducing flexibility and potentially decreasing the sensitivity to quality requirement in the feedstock. The main challenges to development are the energy requirements (which will need to be significantly reduced in an optimised process) and penetration depth (which will require an innovative reactor design to maximise the advantage of using microwaves). Understanding and quantifying the rapidly changing dielectric properties of the coal and coke materials is vital in addressing both of these challenges