Kolmogorov type inequalities for the Marchaud fractional derivatives on the real line and the half-line

In this paper we establish some new Kolmogorov type inequalities for the Marchaud and Hadamard fractional derivatives of functions defined on a real axis or semi-axis. Simultaneously we solve two related problems: the Stechkin problem on the best approximation of unbounded operators by bounded ones on a given class of elements and the problem of optimal recovery of operator on elements from some class given with prescribed error. Keywords: inequalities for derivatives, fractional derivatives, approx- imation of unbounded operators by bounded ones, optimal recovery of operators, ideal lattice.Comment: 3 figure

Experience of Mass Conservation of Leather Artefacts from the Excavations of the Archaeological Site "Egoshiha Copper Smelter, Settlement"

The article presents the experience of mass conservation of archaeological leather artifacts collected during excavations of the archaeological site "Egoshiha copper smelter, settlement" in 2021–22. Two different sections was excavated, for both the moisture saturated soil was specific. For the primary conservation of the collection of leather goods, a team work of archaeologists of the Kama archaeological expedition and restorers of the Perm Museum of Local Lore was organized. The collection included entire forms of shoes, parts of shoes, mittens and mittens parts, wallets, details of an unclear use. Preservation was carried out with aqueous solutions of low-molecular weight polyethylene glycol of various concentrations. The article describes the difficulties that arose during conservation work, suggests ways to organize the process of mass conservation of finds in subsequent archaeological work

Determining the common patterns of the action of nanoparticles of various compositions and structures on physiological and biochemical processes in plants

Technogenic and natural nanomaterials are alien to living systems. The negative effect of nanomaterials may be due to their accumulation in intracellular organelles. The properties of nanoparticles are determined not only by their size, which manifests itself in the activation of a thermodynamic variable, but also by their chemical structure and shape, their ability to aggregate. The effect of metal nanoparticles and oxides of cobalt and titanium on the development and growth of plants has been studied. An important established fact is the ability of oxide nanoparticles, unlike metals themselves, to accumulate in living systems. Transmission electron microscopy, carried out by means of electron microscopic analysis, has revealed interstitial bioaccumulation of nanoparticles of cobalt oxide and titanium oxide in the form of aggregates 80-300 nm in size. If nanoparticles quickly aggregate, they are less dangerous for organisms than single nanoparticles, since a large aggregate of nanoparticles cannot get inside the cell. The rate and dynamics of deposition of nanoparticles of metals and their oxides in water are different. Metal NPs are deposited much more slowly than titanium dioxide. Moreover, the safety of NPs depends on their size and concentration. Biogenic nanoparticles with a size of 35-75 nm have high biological activity, biocompatibility and environmental safety. There is a direct correlation between the energy produced in cells, which is necessary for seed viability, and an increase in the number of protons under the action of metal nanoparticles, which leads to an increase in the permeability of cell membranes and the activity of enzymes and phytohormones

Внебрачные рождения и добрачные зачатия в России: осознанное решение родителей?

Based on anonymous individual data on births, the authors analyze changes in the share of out-of-wedlock conceptions and nonmarital fertility in Russia during the past decade. The carried-out analysis reveals that the share of illegitimate conceptions considerably reduced since 2002 to 2012, and there were changes in age distribution of premarital conceptions. According to the authors, illegitimate births and premarital conceptions occur mainly in groups of the youngest, poorly educated women, however, for women of 20 years and older it is rather a deliberate decision.В данной статье на основе базы анонимных индивидуальных данных о рождениях анализируются изменения в доле внебрачных зачатий и обусловленных ими рождений в браке, имевшие место за последнее десятилетие. Проведенный анализ показывает, что за 2002-2012 гг. значительно снизилась доля внебрачных зачатий и произошли изменения в повозрастном распределении женщин с добрачными зачатиями. Сами внебрачные рождения и добрачные зачатия, по мнению авторов, происходят преимущественно у самых молодых, малообразованных женщин, однако для женщин старше 20 лет они являются, скорее, осознанным решением

RHEUMATIC FEVER AS NONVANISHING DISEASE: A PROBLEM STATE AND CLINICAL CASES

Early diagnostics and treatment of patients with acute rheumatic fever (RF) remains actual problem because rheumatic heart disease is still one of the main causes of acquired valvular lesions. Two cases of acute RF occurred in City Clinical Hospital №1 named after N.I. Pirogov in 2009 are presented. Different outcomes were observed during 6 and 10 months of clinical monitoring. The main approaches to diagnostics and treatment of RF are also described taking into consideration national and international guidelines

Time trends in smoking in Russia in the light of recent tobacco control measures: synthesis of evidence from multiple sources

Background - The study aims at identifying long-term trends and patterns of current smoking by age, gender, and education in Russia, including the most recent period from 2008 during which tobacco control policies were implemented, and to estimate the impact on mortality of any reductions in prevalence. We present an in-depth analysis based on an unprecedentedly large array of survey data. Methods - We examined pooled micro-data on smoking from 17 rounds of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Study of 1996–2016, 11 other surveys conducted in Russia in 1975–2017, and two comparator surveys from England and the USA. Standardization by age and education, regression and meta-analysis were used to estimate trends in the prevalence of current smoking by gender, age, and educational patterns. Results - From the mid-1970s to the mid-2000s smoking prevalence among men was relatively stable at around 60%, after which time prevalence declined in every age and educational group. Among women, trends in smoking were more heterogeneous. Prevalence more than doubled above the age of 55 years from very low levels ( Conclusions - The implementation of an effective tobacco control strategy in Russia starting in 2008 coincided with a decline in smoking prevalence among men from what had been stable, high levels over many decades regardless of age and education. Among women, the declines have been more uneven, with young women showing recent downturns, while the smoking prevalence in middle age has increased, particularly among those with minimal education. Among men, these positive changes will have made a small contribution to the reduction in mortality seen in Russia since 2005

Pегионы России: результаты кластеризации на основе экономических и инновационных показателей

Currently, one of the main trends is the study of the features and benefits of regional development, increasing the importance of the role of regions in national and world politics. The differences in technological results that can be observed at the national and regional levels are largely due to the peculiarities of the institutional environment, i.e. the degree of concentration at the regional level of high-tech companies, modern production and innovation infrastructures. The regions of the Russian Federation demonstrate noticeable differences regarding the level of socio-economic development, the availability of human and natural resources, the development of educational, scientific and innovative potentials, depending on the historical development of infrastructure. This study examines the results of clustering Russian regions according to the main indexes characterizing the economic, scientific and innovative activity. The classification of regions was carried out by the method of cluster analysis.Purpose of the study. The aim of the study was to identify homogeneous groups of regions that are similar in their economic and innovation indexes, statistical analysis of these groups based on non-parametric methods and methods of correlation and regression analysis, the formation of conclusions and recommendations regarding innovation.Materials and methods. The information base of the study was statistical data and analytical information characterizing the state of economic and innovation activity in the Russian regions. The following statistical methods were used in the study: non-parametric (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney test), correlation (Pearson’s coefficients, coefficients of determination), regression (non-linear regression models), multivariate classifications (cluster analysis), descriptive statistics (averages, structural averages, indicators of variation, etc.).Results. As a result of clustering the regions of Russia using the k-means method, 4 cluster groups were obtained, which are statistically homogeneous within the studied indexes. In order to identify the relationships between the considered indexes, paired linear Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. The study tested three hypotheses about statistically significant differences between the indexes of the third and fourth clusters. The set of indexes was as follows: the coefficient of inventive activity, internal costs of research and development per employee, the average per capita size of innovative goods and services. For these purposes, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used. The analysis showed that the regions of the Russian Federation are extremely diverse and heterogeneous in terms of their economic and innovative development. When analyzing them, it is advisable to first use cluster analysis methods to obtain homogeneous groups of territories with similar social and economic characteristics, which is confirmed in this study by testing hypotheses about statistically significant differences between the indexes of the third and fourth clusters (differences between the first and second clusters with other clusters and between themselves obvious and do not require any mathematical proof).Conclusion. The leaders in scientific and innovative development are Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Moscow region and the Republic of Tatarstan. They have the highest rates of inventive activity of the population and the volume of production of innovative goods and services. Such regions of the Russian Federation as the Tyumen region, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Magadan region, Sakhalin region and Chukotka formed a cluster group with the highest per capita GRP, investments and fixed assets, but they have almost the lowest rates of innovation activity. The extractive industry is the main engine of the economy of these regions. A separate cluster was formed by 26 regions with average levels of economic and innovative development in the Russian Federation. In particular, it includes the areas: Belgorod, Lipetsk, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Leningrad, Murmansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Tomsk, etc. These regions are promising in terms of innovation, but require significant federal investments for their further development. The fourth group of regions united economically weak territories with low rates of innovation activity. These regions accounted for more than half of the total (47 regions). Statistical analysis within the resulting clusters made it possible to identify the relationship between economic indexes and describe them using regression models.В настоящее время одним из основных трендов является изучение особенностей и преимуществ регионального развития, повышение значимости роли регионов в национальной и мировой политике Имеющиеся различия в технологических результатах, которые можно наблюдать на национальном и региональном уровнях, в значительной степени обусловлены особенностями институциональной среды, т.е. степенью концентрации на уровне региона высокотехнологичных компаний, современной производственной и инновационной инфраструктур. Регионы Российской Федерации демонстрируют заметные различия, касающиеся уровня социально-экономического развития, наличия человеческих и природных ресурсов, развития образовательного, научного и инновационного потенциалов в определенной зависимости от исторически сложившейся развитости инфраструктуры. В  данном исследовании рассматриваются результаты кластеризации российских регионов по основным показателям, характеризующим экономическую, научную и инновационную деятельность. Классификация регионов осуществлялась методом кластерного анализа. Цель исследования. Целью исследования являлось определение однородных групп регионов, схожих по своим экономическим и инновационным показателям, статистический анализ этих групп на основе непараметрических методов и методов корреляционно-регрессионного анализа, формирование выводов и рекомендаций, касающихся инновационной деятельности.Материалы и методы. Информационной базой исследования послужили статистические данные и аналитическая информация, характеризующая состояние экономической и инновационной деятельности в российских регионах. В исследовании использовались следующие статистические методы: непараметрические (ранговые коэффициенты корреляции Спирмена, критерий Манна Уитни), корреляционный (коэффициенты Пирсона, коэффициенты детерминации) регрессионный (нелинейные регрессионные модели), многомерные классификации (кластерный анализ), описательные статистики (средние, структурные средние, показатели вариации и др.).Результаты. В результате кластеризации регионов России методом k-средних получены 4 кластерных группы, внутри статистически однородные по исследуемым показателям. С целью выявления взаимосвязей между рассматриваемыми показателями рассчитывались парные линейных коэффициенты корреляции Пирсона. В ходе исследования были проверены три гипотезы о статистически значимых различиях между показателями третьего и четвертого кластеров. Набор показателей был следующий: коэффициент изобретательской активности, внутренние затраты на исследования и разработки в расчете на одного работника, среднедушевой размер инновационных товаров и услуг. Для этих целей был использован непараметрический критерий Манна-Уитни. Проведенный анализ показал, что Регионы РФ крайне разнообразны и неоднородны по своему экономическому и инновационному развитию. При их анализе целесообразно предварительно использовать методы кластерного анализа для получения однородных групп территорий со схожими социальными и экономическими характеристиками, что подтверждается в настоящем исследовании проверкой гипотез о статистически значимых различиях между показателями третьего и четвертого кластеров (различия первого и второго кластеров с остальными кластерами и между собой очевидны и не требуют каких-либо математических доказательств).Заключение. Лидерами в научном и инновационном развитии являются г. Москва, г. Санкт-Петербург, Московская область и Республика Татарстан. У них самые высокие показатели изобретательской активности населения и объемы производства инновационных товаров и услуг. Такие субъекты РФ, как Тюменская область, республика Саха (Якутия), Магаданская область, Сахалинская область и Чукотка образовали кластерную группу с самыми высокими размерами среднедушевых ВРП, инвестиций и основных фондов, но у них практически самые низкие показатели инновационной активности. Добывающая промышленность является главным двигателем экономики этих регионов. Свой отдельный кластер образовали 26 регионов со средними по РФ уровнями экономического и инновационного развития. В частности, в него вошли области: Белгородская, Липецкая, Смоленская, Архангельская, Вологодская, Ленинградская, Мурманская, Челябинская, Иркутская, Томская и др. Эти регионы перспективны в инновационном плане, но требуют для своего дальнейшего развития существенных федеральных вложений. Четвертая группа регионов объединила экономически слабые территории с низкими показателями инновационной деятельности. Эти регионы составили более половины от всей совокупности (47 регионов). Статистический анализ внутри полученных кластеров позволил выявить взаимосвязи экономических показателей и описать их с помощью регрессионных моделей

Long-term trends in blood pressure and hypertension in Russia: an analysis of data from 14 health surveys conducted in 1975-2017

Background Hypertension is recognized as an important contributor to high cardiovascular mortality in Russia. A comprehensive analysis of data from Russian studies that measured blood pressure in population-based samples has not been previously undertaken. This study aims to identify trends and patterns in mean blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension in Russia over the most recent 40 years. Methods We obtained anonymized individual records of blood pressure measurements from 14 surveys conducted in Russia in 1975-2017 relating to a total of 137,687 individuals. For comparative purposes we obtained equivalent data from 4 surveys in the USA and England for 23,864 individuals. A meta-regression on aggregated data adjusted for education was undertaken to estimate time trends in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the prevalence of elevated blood pressure (> 140/90 mmHg), and hypertension (defined as elevated blood pressure and/or the use of blood pressure-lowering) medication. A meta-analysis of pooled individual-level data was used to assess male-female differences in blood pressure and hypertension. Results During the period 1975-2017 mean blood pressure, the prevalence of elevated blood pressure and hypertension remained stable among Russian men. Among Russian women, mean systolic blood pressure decreased at an annual rate of 0.25 mmHg (p < 0.1) at age 35-54 years and by 0.8 mmHg (p < 0.01) at ages 55 and over. The prevalence of elevated blood pressure also decreased by 0.8% per year (p < 0.01), but the prevalence of hypertension remained stable. Mean blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension were higher in Russia compared to the USA and England at all ages and for both sexes. Conclusions In contrast to the generally observed downward trend in elevated blood pressure in many other countries, levels in Russia have changed little over the past 40 years, although there are some positive trends among women. Improved strategies to bring down the high levels of mean blood pressure and hypertension in Russia compared to countries such as England and the USA are important to further reduce the high burden of CVD in Russia

An environmental assessment of risk in achieving good environmental status to support regional prioritisation of management in Europe

The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) aims to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in Europe's Seas. The requirement for regional sea authorities to identify and prioritise issues for management has meant that standardized methods to assess the current level of departure from GES are needed. The methodology presented here provides a means by which existing information describing the status of ecosystem components of a regional sea can be used to determine the effort required to achieve GES. A risk assessment framework was developed to score departure from GES for 10 out of the 11 GES descriptors, based on proposed definitions of 'good' status, and current knowledge of environmental status in each of the four regional seas (North-East Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea). This provides an approach for regional evaluation of environmental issues and national prioritisation of conservation objectives. Departure from GES definitions is described as 'high', 'moderate' or low' and the implications for management options and national policy decisions are discussed. While the criteria used in this study were developed specifically for application toward MSFD objectives, with modification the approach could be applied to evaluate other high-level social, economic or environmental objectives. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

An exposure-effect approach for evaluating ecosystem-wide risks from human activities

Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is promoted as the solution for sustainable use. An ecosystem-wide assessment methodology is therefore required. In this paper, we present an approach to assess the risk to ecosystem components from human activities common to marine and coastal ecosystems. We build on: (i) a linkage framework that describes how human activities can impact the ecosystem through pressures, and (ii) a qualitative expert judgement assessment of impact chains describing the exposure and sensitivity of ecological components to those activities. Using case study examples applied at European regional sea scale, we evaluate the risk of an adverse ecological impact from current human activities to a suite of ecological components and, once impacted, the time required for recovery to pre-impact conditions should those activities subside. Grouping impact chains by sectors, pressure type, or ecological components enabled impact risks and recovery times to be identified, supporting resource managers in their efforts to prioritize threats for management, identify most at-risk components, and generate time frames for ecosystem recovery