Genome-wide identification of TPS and TPP genes in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and functional characterization of AhTPS9 in response to cold stress

IntroductionTrehalose is vital for plant metabolism, growth, and stress resilience, relying on Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) genes. Research on these genes in cultivated peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) is limited.MethodsThis study employed bioinformatics to identify and analyze AhTPS and AhTPP genes in cultivated peanuts, with subsequent experimental validation of AhTPS9’s role in cold tolerance.ResultsIn the cultivated peanut genome, a total of 16 AhTPS and 17 AhTPP genes were identified. AhTPS and AhTPP genes were observed in phylogenetic analysis, closely related to wild diploid peanuts, respectively. The evolutionary patterns of AhTPS and AhTPP genes were predominantly characterized by gene segmental duplication events and robust purifying selection. A variety of hormone-responsive and stress-related cis-elements were unveiled in our analysis of cis-regulatory elements. Distinct expression patterns of AhTPS and AhTPP genes across different peanut tissues, developmental stages, and treatments were revealed, suggesting potential roles in growth, development, and stress responses. Under low-temperature stress, qPCR results showcased upregulation in AhTPS genes (AhTPS2-5, AhTPS9-12, AhTPS14, AhTPS15) and AhTPP genes (AhTPP1, AhTPP6, AhTPP11, AhTPP13). Furthermore, AhTPS9, exhibiting the most significant expression difference under cold stress, was obviously induced by cold stress in cultivated peanut, and AhTPS9-overexpression improved the cold tolerance of Arabidopsis by protect the photosynthetic system of plants, and regulates sugar-related metabolites and genes.DiscussionThis comprehensive study lays the groundwork for understanding the roles of AhTPS and AhTPP gene families in trehalose regulation within cultivated peanuts and provides valuable insights into the mechanisms related to cold stress tolerance

Genome-wide analysis reveals regulatory mechanisms and expression patterns of TGA genes in peanut under abiotic stress and hormone treatments

IntroductionThe TGA transcription factors, plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression. In cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea), which faces abiotic stress challenges, understanding the role of TGAs is important.MethodsIn this study, we conducted a comprehensive in analysis of the TGA gene family in peanut to elucidate their regulatory mechanisms and expression patterns under abiotic stress and hormone treatments. Furthermore, functional studies on the representative AhTGA gene in peanut cultivars were conducted using transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean hair roots.ResultsThe genome-wide analysis revealed that a total of 20 AhTGA genes were identified and classified into five subfamilies. Collinearity analysis revealed that AhTGA genes lack tandem duplication, and their amplification in the cultivated peanut genome primarily relies on the whole-genome duplication of the diploid wild peanut to form tetraploid cultivated peanut, as well as segment duplication between the A and B subgenomes. Promoter and Protein-protein interaction analysis identified a wide range of cis-acting elements and potential interacting proteins associated with growth and development, hormones, and stress responses. Expression patterns of AhTGA genes in different tissues, under abiotic stress conditions for low temperature and drought, and in response to hormonal stimuli revealed that seven AhTGA genes from groups I (AhTGA04, AhTGA14 and AhTGA20) and II (AhTGA07, AhTGA11, AhTGA16 and AhTGA18) are involved in the response to abiotic stress and hormonal stimuli. The hormone treatment results indicate that these AhTGA genes primarily respond to the regulation of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Overexpressing AhTGA11 in Arabidopsis enhances resistance to cold and drought stress by increasing antioxidant activities and altering endogenous hormone levels, particularly ABA, SA and JA.DiscussionThe AhTGA genes plays a crucial role in hormone regulation and stress response during peanut growth and development. The findings provide insights into peanut's abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms and pave the way for future functional studies

Difference In Tolerance To Potassium Deficiency Between Two Maize Inbred Lines

Northeast China Produces An Abundance of Maize (Zea Mays L.), and Improvement of Maize Yield At This Region Correlates Closely With Ensure Food Supply Safely of China. in Recent Years, Deficiency Or Relative Deficiency of Potassium (K) in The Soil Is An Important Limitation To Maize Production. Maize inbred Lines Tolerant To K Deficiency (T) and Sensitive To K Deficiency (C) Were Hydroponically Grown in 1/2 Hoagland Solution To Study The Possible Mechanism of Maize Tolerance To Potassium Deficiency From Physiological Point of View. With The Reduction of K+ Concentration, Dw of The Plant Became Apparently Greater in T Than in C, The Symptom of Potassium Deficiency Advanced in C. Under K Deficiency, The Taproot Elongation increased and Root Top Ratio Decreased To A Greater Degree in C Than in T, C Had Fawer Lateral Roots. T Had A Stronger K+-Uptake Ability Than C, and The Difference Was More Obvious in Culture Solution With A Lower K+ Concentrations of Culture Solution. K+ Dependent H+ Extrusion From The Root Treated With K+ Deficiency Was Larger in T Than in C

Inheritance analysis and mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling individual anthocyanin compounds in purple barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grains.

Anthocyanin-rich barley can have great potential in promoting human health and in developing nutraceuticals and functional foods. As different anthocyanin compounds have different antioxidant activities, breeding cultivars with pre-designed anthocyanin compositions could be highly desirable. Working toward this possibility, we assessed and reported for the first time the genetic control of individual anthocyanin compounds in barley. Of the ten anthocyanins assessed, two, peonidin-3-glucoside (P3G) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), were major components in the purple pericarp barley genotype RUSSIA68. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping showed that both anthocyanin compounds were the interactive products of two loci, one located on chromosome arm 2HL and the other on 7HS. However, the two different anthocyanin components seem to be controlled by different interactions between the two loci. The effects of the 7HS locus on P3G and C3G were difficult to detect without removing the effect of the 2HL locus. At least one copy of the 2HL alleles from the purple pericarp parent was required for the synthesis of P3G. This does not seem to be the case for the production of C3G which was produced in each of all the different allele combinations between the two loci. Typical maternal effect was also observed in the inheritance of purple pericarp grains in barley. The varied values of different compounds, coupled with their different genetic controls, highlight the need for targeting individual anthocyanins in crop breeding and food processing

Effectiveness evaluation of warfare command systems with dissymmetrical warfare information

Dimirovski, Georgi M. (Dogus Author) -- Conference full title: 2010 American Control Conference, ACC 2010; Baltimore, MD; United States; 30 June 2010 through 2 July 2010This paper researches the warfare command decision making problems in dissymmetrical information war, which are of important to military system science researches. Based on the features of dissymmetrical information war, we develop a corresponding warfare command decision making model by using Lanchester square law equation. Two proper military stratagems which can transform the battlefield situation are pointed out and analyzed quantitatively with the equation. The analysis model and the proposed approach may reflect the effect of information war in warfare command decision making. The computation results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model. The research results may provide a theoretical reference for warfare command decision making.AIAA, AIChE, AIST, ASCE, IEEE -- This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 60774097 and Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education under Grant 20020145007

Establishment of a Comprehensive Evaluation System for Low Nitrogen and Screening of Nitrogen-Efficient Germplasm in Peanut

Screening for nitrogen (N)-efficient germplasm to achieve high yield and high N efficiency is an important strategy to enhance the sustainability of modern agriculture. In this study, 127 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm resources were comprehensively evaluated by seedling hydroponics and field. At the seedling stage, with the range of low-nitrogen screening concentrations gradually narrowed through a comprehensive membership function analysis, standard normal distribution test, and variance analysis, we found that 0.15 mM N for 24 days could be the optimal condition for evaluating the N efficiency of peanuts. Through principal component analysis and correlation analysis, dry matter weight, root/shoot ratio, N content, N accumulation, N-use efficiency, and N use index were considered to be the N efficiency parameters, and a regression mathematical model was established accordingly. In the field, peanut genotypes that differ in resistance to low-nitrogen stress were evaluated by a yield nitrogen efficiency index under normal nitrogen and no nitrogen applications to verify the results at the seedling stage. Based on the multiple phenotypic analysis, N-efficient and N-inefficient peanut genotypes among germplasm were screened, and a comprehensive evaluation system was established to provide the theoretical basis for peanut breeding and cultivation techniques

Effect of QTL for anthocyanin production detected in the validation population Baudin//RUSSIA68/Gairdner (POP2).

<p>Effect of QTL for anthocyanin production detected in the validation population Baudin//RUSSIA68/Gairdner (POP2).</p

Effects of QTL for anthocyanin production determined by ANOVA (<i>p</i> < 0.05).

<p>‘A’ and ‘a’ represent the presence or absence of <i>PBG</i>.<i>ant-2H</i> allele from the purple pericarp parent RUSSIA68 and the non-pigmented parent Gairdner, respectively; ‘B’ and ‘b’ represent the presence or absence of <i>PBG</i>.<i>ant-7H</i> allele from the purple pericarp parent RUSSIA68 and the non-pigmented parent Gairdner, respectively.</p

Showing the typical maternal effect in the inheritance of grain colour in purple barley.

<p>The parents, F1 and F2 grains of the mapping population (POP1) were showed on the left and those of the 3-way cross population on the right. R68 is the purple pericarp parent RUSSIA68 and GA the non-pigmented parent Gairdner. The colour intensities of the F1 or 3WF1 grains were similar to those of their respective female parents, those of the F2 grains were lighter than those of F1 and the grain of 3WF2 were darker than those of 3WF1.</p