Battery Technology Life Verification Test Manual Revision 1

The purpose of this Technology Life Verification Test (TLVT) Manual is to help guide developers in their effort to successfully commercialize advanced energy storage devices such as battery and ultracapacitor technologies. The experimental design and data analysis discussed herein are focused on automotive applications based on the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) electric vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (EV, HEV, and PHEV, respectively) performance targets. However, the methodology can be equally applied to other applications as well. This manual supersedes the February 2005 version of the TLVT Manual (Reference 1). It includes criteria for statistically-based life test matrix designs as well as requirements for test data analysis and reporting. Calendar life modeling and estimation techniques, including a user’s guide to the corresponding software tool is now provided in the Battery Life Estimator (BLE) Manual (Reference 2)

Indebtedness on 48 Potter County Farms, 1930

A study of farm operations and farm management was made on 48 farms in Potter County, South Dakota during 1930, through the method of accounts kept by the farm operators, assisted at regular monthly intervals by a resident field man. The study was made by the Department of Agricultural Economics of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment station. The results of the study will be published first as preliminary reports, each dealing with only one or a few phases of the study. Data supporting certain statements is omitted in this report for want of space, but in most cases will be published in later reports. This, the first report, deals with indebtedness, one of the most important problems in farm management at present. Its chief objective is to make available information that will aid farmers in financing their business in the best manner

An Economic Study of Farms in the Spring Wheat Area of South Dakota

This is the first of a series of three circulars being published as progress reports of a five year study which was begun in 1930, on the economics of agriculture in the Spring Wheat Area of South Dakota. The study was started as a modified cost route in Potter County with 48 farmer cooperators keeping records, some of which were quite complete in that labor and feed records were also kept. During the first year a representative of the college lived at Gettysburg and visited the cooperators at least once each month to check on the completeness of the records and to secure additional information concerning crop and livestock practices. After the first year the project was made cooperative with the Division of Farm Management and Costs of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United States Department of Agriculture, and was enlarged to include 150 farmer cooperators living in seven counties of the Spring Wheat Area. Figure 1. Since 1930 the cooperators have been visited three or four times each year. The statements of this publication are based on data collected from a total of 283 records. Satisfactory records were secured from 44 cooperators in 1930, 29 in 1931, 112 in 1932, and 98 in 1933

Estimated Returns from Farms of Large, Medium and Small Size of Business in the Spring Wheat Areas of South Dakota

Size of farm business is recognized by all farm management investigators and by many farmers as one of the most important factors making for success or failure in farming. A moderately large size of business, doubtless is more profitable in so-called normal times than is a small sized business. Size of business in this circular is not measured in acres only, as is common in certain sections where most of the land is fertile and tillable, and most of the farms are of the same type. Size of business cannot be measured accurately, nor by a single descriptive term such as acres. It includes the area farmed the area in crop land, the amount of productive labor employed, the amount of capital used, the rate of turnover of capital, the total production and the quality of production. Size of business may be increased by employing a laborer for productive work, by increasing the numbers of livestock, by increasing yields per acre, by doing work for hire outside the farm, etc. The purpose of this circular is to discuss the relative profitableness of a selected type of farm when operated as a business of different sizes. In the discussion six hypothetical farms are used for illustration. In the first group of three, a diversified farm, which is farmed rather intensively, is shown as a business of large size, of medium size, and of small size. The same plan is used for presenting the second group, a diversified farm which is farmed rather extensively

Estimated Returns from Operating 800 acres in the Spring Wheat Area Under Four Different Plans - A Method of Determining What to Produce

The relatively low prices farmers receive for their products, and the continued high costs of interest, taxes, and the products farmers buy, increase the need of study of factors which tend to give the best possible net returns from a farm business. The purpose of this circular is to discuss the relative profitableness of different enterprises on diversified farms in the Spring Wheat Area of South Dakota. The plan of the circular is to show the organization and to give the estimated returns of four farms, on each of which the enterprises are of different relative importance. Three of the farms are assumed to be 800 acres in area. The fourth farm is assumed to be 800 acres in area but the size of business is increased by placing cattle out on pasture during the summer, a practice common to the area. Each of the hypothetical farms is very similar to someone actual farm from which records were secured. These similarities include acres of crops, numbers of livestock, amounts of power and equipment used, labor used, receipts and expenses, and income. The farms selected as patterns are common types within the area

Tractor and Horse Power in the Wheat Area of South Dakota

A study of farm operations and farm management was made on 48 farms in Potter county during 1930, through the method of accounts kept daily by farm operators, assisted at regular monthly intervals by a resident field agent. During 1931 thirty other farmers within the spring wheat area of the state kept records of their tractors; and a survey by visits to farmers in the same area was made in 1931 and 1932, in which additional information about tractor and horse uses, performances, and costs was secured. The results of the Potter county study are being published as preliminary reports, of which this is the second. A part of the information secured during 1931 and 1932 is included in this report for the purpose of giving more reliable standards of performance of horses and tractors. The purpose of the report is to make available information which will aid farmers in deciding under what circumstances it is the more economical to use tractors or horses or a combination of both

Emergency Farm Adjustments in the Wheat Area of South Dakota

SummaryThis circular tells briefly the story of some farmers in the Spring Wheat section of South Dakota. It shows the strenuous effort being made by these men to reduce expenses or to shift their production so that their income will equal their expenses.It illustrates certain adjustments that are being followed on some of the farms and suggests some changes that might be profitable on these and other farms.The most serious difficulty arises from the effort to pay the fixed charges-interest, taxes, and payments on indebtedness. On nearly all farms some adjustments are being made to obtain a farm income large enough to meet the immediately pressing expenses. These adjustments have taken the form of:1. Reducing cash expenses as much as is possible, sometimes to the extent that production is restricted or is carried on at greater risk. The effort to reduce expenses has in most cases led to a lower standard of living for the farm family.2. Reducing capital assets to meet payment demanded on indebtedness even though this means the abandonment of a practical long time system of farming.3. Family labor and the equipment is used to the limit of its capacity in an effort to increase the livestock enterprises and the acreage of crops so that the cash income can be increased.4. In some cases the acreage of cash grain has been increased at the expense of feed grains, legumes, or a cropping system that would be advantageous over the long period of time.5. In other cases, herd of stock cattle have been shifted to dairy production. In others, the practice of selling cattle as feeders has been changed to sale as finished or “warmed up cattle.”6. Farmers with low priced feed surplus have sometime found it necessary to shift from a conservative production program to the more speculative one of feeding livestock.7. In extreme cases, the operators have found it necessary to relinquish title to their farms and to continue operation as tenants to preserve their working capital and continue farming.8. Only farmers relatively free of debt can reduce operations and wait for an improvement of prices

Advanced Energy Storage Life and Health Prognostics (INL) FY 2012 Annual Progress Report

The objective of this work is to develop methodologies that will accurately estimate state-of-health (SOH) and remaining useful life (RUL) of electrochemical energy storage devices using both offline and online (i.e., in-situ) techniques through: · A statistically robust offline battery calendar life estimator tool based on both testing and simulation, and · Novel onboard sensor technology for improved online battery diagnostics and prognostics

Method of detecting system function by measuring frequency response

Real-time battery impedance spectrum is acquired using a one-time record. Fast Summation Transformation (FST) is a parallel method of acquiring a real-time battery impedance spectrum using a one-time record that enables battery diagnostics. An excitation current to a battery is a sum of equal amplitude sine waves of frequencies that are octave harmonics spread over a range of interest. A sample frequency is also octave and harmonically related to all frequencies in the sum. The time profile of this signal has a duration that is a few periods of the lowest frequency. The voltage response of the battery, average deleted, is the impedance of the battery in the time domain. Since the excitation frequencies are known and octave and harmonically related, a simple algorithm, FST, processes the time record by rectifying relative to the sine and cosine of each frequency. Another algorithm yields real and imaginary components for each frequency