Obama nach seinem einjährigen Amtsjubiläum : Der Hoffnungsträger im Realitäts-Check

Der frische Wind, den US-Präsident Barack Obama in der amerikanischen Politik versprach, scheint sich gut ein Jahr nach seinem Amtsantritt in der verstaubten Routine des Washingtoner Politzirkus verloren zu haben. Die Euphoriewelle, auf der Obama zu seinem Amtsantritt schwamm, ist langsam verebbt und die amerikanische Politik dümpelt in altbekanntem Prozedere zwischen der Exekutive im Weißen Haus und den zwei Kammern des Kapitols vor sich hin. Die Desillusionierung der amerikanischen Bevölkerung zeigt sich in den fallenden Umfragewerten der Regierung Obama, die inzwischen unter das Niveau des Wahltages 2008 gesunken sind. Und auch in Europa, wo man sich einen Politikwandel vom neuen amerikanischen Präsidenten versprach, tritt langsam Ernüchterung ein

Vom Schutzschirm zum Bahnbrecher: Anforderungen an die Arbeitsmarkt- und Beschäftigungspolitik in der Wirtschaftskrise

Die Weltwirtschaftskrise trifft den Kern des deutschen Arbeitsmarktes. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser globalen Krise analysiert das Diskussionspapier zunächst die Situation am deutschen Arbeitsmarkt. Auf der Grundlage dieser Analyse werden dann einige zentrale Maßnahmen beschrieben, die geeignet sind, erstens Beschäftigung in der aktuellen Wirtschaftskrise zu sichern, zweitens neue Beschäftigung zu schaffen und drittens die von Arbeitslosigkeit dennoch Betroffenen abzusichern. Darüber hinaus werden einige mittel- und langfristige Ziele einer neuen Regulierung von Beschäftigung skizziert. --

Distributed decision-making in the shadow of hierarchy:How hierarchical similarity biases idea evaluation

Research Summary: Companies are increasingly opening up decision-making, involving employees on all levels in distributed—and purportedly “hierarchy-free”—decision processes. We examine how hierarchy reaches into such “democratized” systems, arguing that it is a source of homophily that biases idea evaluation decisions. Using a data set from internal crowdfunding at one of the world's largest industrial manufacturers, we show that idea evaluators overvalue hierarchically similar others' ideas. Competition in the form of lateral closeness dampens this bias, whereas uncertainty in the form of novelty amplifies this bias. We contribute to the literatures on decision biases in centralized versus distributed innovation and on structural similarity as a driver of employee behaviors. Managerial Summary: Many companies are starting to involve employees on all levels in strategic decisions, so as to curb hierarchical rigidities and integrate multiple perspectives. However, such distributed decision-making opens the door to new biases and, ultimately, suboptimal strategic decisions. In the context of internal crowdfunding at a large industrial manufacturer, we show that employees evaluate hierarchically similar others' ideas overly favorably. Thus, hierarchy is not just a source of rivalry, but also of identification, leading to favoritism among hierarchical peers. Further, employees are particularly likely to assess ideas based on hierarchical similarity rather than content if the ideas are novel and therefore hard to evaluate. We provide suggestions for the design of distributed decision-making systems.</p

Neither entrepreneurship nor intrapreneurship: a review of how to become an innovative split-off start-up

Splitting off departments from corporations in order to establish corporate start-ups has become of strategic importance for the performance and innovation of corporations. While the settlement process is widely practiced, there is a lack of knowledge of how entrepreneurship may exist in such split-offs. The main aim of this study was to explore how entrepreneurship in corporate start-ups can exist in order to contribute to corporate performance. Based on a systematic literature review from 2021 to 2023, which resulted in a total of 1,516 scientific, English-language articles in economic journals, a total of 150 articles were analyzed in-depth. Our research shows that it is of crucial importance that corporations position leaders with an appropriate mindset and behavior at all levels as early as starting the split-off process, which is, however, neither entrepreneurship nor intrapreneurship. The niche corporative start-up area shows that entrepreneurship is a continuum and requires a new definition of corporate start-up entrepreneurship (CSE). For corporate start-ups to be successful, we revealed that there needs to be (1) the appropriate legal form, which ensures ownership but also the risk of the leaders, (2) an explorative business rather than exploitation, (3) variable compensation rather than fixed and (4) corporate entrepreneurs rather than employees and managers. Implications of the findings for entrepreneurial leadership theory development and future research are discussed

Scaling Relations Between Warm Galactic Outflows and Their Host Galaxies

We report on a sample of 51 nearby, star-forming galaxies observed with the Cosmic Origin Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope. We calculate Si II kinematics and densities arising from warm gas entrained in galactic outflows. We use multi-wavelength ancillary data to estimate stellar masses (M$_\ast$), star-formation rates (SFR), and morphologies. We derive significant correlations between outflow velocity and SFR$^{\sim 0.1}$, M$_\ast^{\sim 0.1}$ and v$_\text{circ}^{\sim 1/2}$. Some mergers drive outflows faster than these relations prescribe, launching the outflow faster than the escape velocity. Calculations of the mass outflow rate reveal strong scaling with SFR$^{\sim 1/2}$ and M$_\ast^{\sim 1/2}$. Additionally, mass-loading efficiency factors (mass outflow rate divided by SFR) scale approximately as M$_\ast^{-1/2}$. Both the outflow velocity and mass-loading scaling suggest that these outflows are powered by supernovae, with only 0.7% of the total supernovae energy converted into the kinetic energy of the warm outflow. Galaxies lose some gas if log(M$_\ast$/M$_\odot$) < $9.5$, while more massive galaxies retain all of their gas, unless they undergo a merger. This threshold for gas loss can explain the observed shape of the mass-metallicity relation.Comment: 28 pages, 15 figures, submitted to Ap

Faculty Handbook (1969-1970)

https://red.mnstate.edu/facultyhandbooks/1009/thumbnail.jp

The Rigidity of the (BH4)-Anion Dispersed in Halides AX, A = Na, K; X = Cl, Br, I, and in MBH4 with M = Na, K, Rb, Cs

The B–H bond length of the borohydride anion (BH4−) in alkali metal borohydrides MBH4 with M = Na, K, Rb, Cs, and diluted in different alkali halide matrices, was investigated experimentally by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and theoretically using first principles calculations. The peak positions in IR absorption spectra of NaBH4 pressed at 754 MPa in halides NaX and KX with X = Cl, Br, I show significant variations indicating ion exchange effects between the halide and NaBH4. For NaBH4 in NaBr, NaI, KBr and KI pellets, the peak positions indicate that BH4− could be highly diluted in the AX matrix, which renders an isolation of BH4− in AX (i-BH4−). For NaBH4 in NaCl and KCl pellets, a solution of BH4− in AX occurred only after a further thermal treatment up to 450◦C. The observed peak positions are discussed with respect to the lattice parameter (a0), anion to cation ratio (R = rA/rX), standard enthalpy of formation (∆fH) and ionic character (Ic ) of the halides. A linear relation is obtained between ν3 (i-BH4−) and the short-range lattice energies of AX. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at generalized gradient approximation (GGA) level were used to calculate the IR vibrational frequencies ν4, ν3 and ν2 + ν4 for series of compositions Na(BH4)0.25X0.75 with X = Cl, Br, I, and MBH4. The theoretical and experimental results show the same trends, indicating the rigidity of the B–H bond length and the failure of Badger’s rule. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Nanoscale Magnetic Imaging using Circularly Polarized High-Harmonic Radiation

This work demonstrates nanoscale magnetic imaging using bright circularly polarized high-harmonic radiation. We utilize the magneto-optical contrast of worm-like magnetic domains in a Co/Pd multilayer structure, obtaining quantitative amplitude and phase maps by lensless imaging. A diffraction-limited spatial resolution of 49 nm is achieved with iterative phase reconstruction enhanced by a holographic mask. Harnessing the unique coherence of high harmonics, this approach will facilitate quantitative, element-specific and spatially-resolved studies of ultrafast magnetization dynamics, advancing both fundamental and applied aspects of nanoscale magnetism.Comment: Ofer Kfir and Sergey Zayko contributed equally to this work. Presented in CLEO 2017 (Oral) doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2017.FW1H.