The kinematic history of the Khlong Marui and Ranong Faults, southern Thailand

The Khlong Marui Fault (KMF) and Ranong Fault (RF) are major NNE-trending strike-slip faults which dissect peninsular Thailand. They have been assumed to be conjugate to the NW-trending Three Pagodas Fault (TPF) and Mae Ping Fault (MPF) in Northern Thailand, which experienced a diachronous reversal in shear sense during India–Eurasia collision. It follows that the KMF and RF are expected to show the opposite shear sense and a slip sense reversal at a similar time to the TPF and MPF. New field data from the KMF and RF reveal two phases of ductile dextral shear separated by Campanian magmatism. Paleocene to Eocene post-kinematic granites date the end of this phase, while a brittle sinistral phase deforms the granites, and has exhumed the ductile fault rocks. The timing of these movements precludes formation of the faults in response to Himalayan extrusion tectonics. Instead, they formed near the southern margin of a Late Cretaceous–Paleocene orogen, and may have been influenced by variations in the rate of subduction ahead of India and Australia. North-south compression prior to reactivation of the subduction zone around southern Sundaland in the Eocene caused widespread deformation in the overriding plate, including sinistral transpression on the KMF and RF

The potential extent of Early Triassic Kockatea Shale equivalent source rocks in the Northern Carnarvon and Perth Basins, Western Australia

In the northern Perth Basin (Western Australia), the Early Triassic Kockatea Shale is the primary petroleum source rock. Possible source rocks in the Northern Carnarvon Basin are more varied and include the Upper Jurassic Dingo Claystone as well as the Early Triassic Locker Shale. Biomarker analyses were conducted on petroleum samples from these basins to understand the nature of the petroleum systems. Many of the analysed petroleum samples contain carotenoids (okenane, chlorobactane and isorenieratane) derived from photosynthetic sulfur bacteria, suggesting that their source rocks were deposited under conditions of photic zone euxinia (PZE) and/or derived from microbialites. In the northern Perth Basin, the major lithofacies contributing to the source rock are dark coloured mudstones deposited under PZE conditions and/or derived from microbialites. In the southern Perth Basin, the potential source rock is either Permian, Jurassic or Cretaceous in age as indicated by the low concentrations or absence of carotenoids and the Triassic biomarker n-C33 alkylcyclohexane. There is also a possibility that the Lower Triassic Locker Shale is the source rock of petroleum in the Tubridgi field on the Peedamullah Shelf of the Northern Carnarvon Basin, based on the similarity of biomarkers to Perth Basin petroleum sourced from the Kockatea Shale. However, the possibility of charge from the Upper Jurassic Dingo Claystone cannot be entirely excluded

Regional seismic stratigraphic framework and depositional history of the post- : Valanginian passive margin sequences in the Northern Carnarvon Basin, North West Shelf of Australia

Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to Geoscience Australia for the provision of public domain seismic and well log data. All available datasets used in this research are open source, can be accessed through the National Offshore Petroleum Information Management System (NOPIMS; https://nopims.dmp.wa.gov.au/nopims). Schlumberger are thanked for the provision of Petrel software. Mulky Winata is supported by a collaborative PhD scholarship under the Aberdeen – Curtin Alliance (http://aberdeencurtinalliance.org/) namely between Curtin University (Perth, Australia) and the University of Aberdeen (Aberdeen, Scotland). Diego Kietzmann, Victorian Paumard, Marina Rabineau and two anonymous referees are thanked for their thoughtful reviews of earlier versions of this manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Pain management and patient education interventions to increase physical activity in people with intermittent claudication (PrEPAID): a feasibility randomised controlled trial in the UK

Objectives: To explore the feasibility and acceptability of pain management (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)) and patient education (PE) to increase physical activity in people with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and intermittent claudication (IC).Design: Feasibility randomised controlled trial with embedded process evaluation. Setting: One secondary care UK vascular centre. Participants: Fifty-six community-dwelling adults with a history of stable IC and ankle-brachial pressure index ≤0.9 were recruited via claudication clinics. Interventions: Participants randomised to 6 weeks of: TENS+PE, TENS, Placebo TENS+PE or Placebo TENS. PE was a three-hour workshop plus three follow-up phone calls. The TENS machine was worn during walking (TENS: 120Hz, 200μs, intensity ‘strong but comfortable’; Placebo TENS: intensity below sensation threshold). Outcomes: Primary feasibility outcomes included rates of recruitment, retention, and adherence. Acceptability of the intervention and trial procedures was explored with semi-structured interviews. Measures of walking capacity, walking behaviour, quality of life, disease perception and pain were recorded at baseline, end of intervention (6 weeks) and follow-up (3 months).Results: Fifty-six participants were randomised from 95 who completed baseline screening. Of the 39 excluded, 97% (38/39) had &gt;20% variability in absolute claudication distance (ACD). All participants received their allocated intervention. Outcome completion was 91% at 6 weeks and 80% at 3 months. Attendance at group education was 96% with 63% taking follow-up phone calls. Compliance with TENS was 70% according to participant-completed logs. Interviewed participants (n=9) were generally positive about the acceptability of the interventions and trial procedures, however experience of TENS use was mixed. Some participants were dissatisfied with the size of the device and electrode wires.Conclusions: The PrEPAID trial was feasible to run, however 40% of potential participants were excluded at screening due to issues of research fidelity rather than participant suitability or willingness to participate. A future definitive trial should consider a revised primary outcome measure and smaller wireless TENS machines.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03204825. Registered on 2 July 2017.Trial Funding: Chief Scientist Office (CSO), Scottish Government. Translational grant award (TCS/16/55).<br/

Seismic geomorphology of cretaceous megaslides offshore Namibia (Orange Basin):Insights into segmentation and degradation of gravity-driven linked systems

This study applies modern seismic geomorphology techniques to deep-water collapse features in the Orange Basin (Namibian margin, Southwest Africa) in order to provide unprecedented insights into the segmentation and degradation processes of gravity-driven linked systems. The seismic analysis was carried out using a high-quality, depth-migrated 3D volume that images the Upper Cretaceous post-rift succession of the basin, where two buried collapse features with strongly contrasting seismic expression are observed. The lower Megaslide Complex is a typical margin-scale, extensional-contractional gravity-driven linked system that deformed at least 2 km of post-rift section. The complex is laterally segmented into scoop-shaped megaslides up to 20 km wide that extend downdip for distances in excess of 30 km. The megaslides comprise extensional headwall fault systems with associated 3D rollover structures and thrust imbricates at their toes. Lateral segmentation occurs along sidewall fault systems which, in the proximal part of the megaslides, exhibit oblique extensional motion and define horst structures up to 6 km wide between individual megaslides. In the toe areas, reverse slip along these same sidewall faults, creates lateral ramps with hanging wall thrust-related folds up to 2 km wide. Headwall rollover anticlines, sidewall horsts and ramp anticlines may represent novel traps for hydrocarbon exploration on the Namibian margin.The Megaslide Complex is unconformably overlain by few hundreds of metres of highly contorted strata which define an upper Slump Complex. Combined seismic attributes and detailed seismic facies analysis allowed mapping of headscarps, thrust imbrications and longitudinal shear zones within the Slump Complex that indicate a dominantly downslope movement of a number of coalesced collapse systems. Spatial and stratal relationships between these shallow failures and the underlying megaslides suggest that the Slump Complex was likely triggered by the development of topography created by the activation of the main structural elements of the lower Megaslide Complex. This study reveals that gravity-driven linked systems undergo lateral segmentation during their evolution, and that their upper section can become unstable, favouring the initiation of a number of shallow failures that produce widespread degradation of the underlying megaslide structures. Gravity-driven linked systems along other margins are likely to share similar processes of segmentation and degradation, implying that the megaslide-related, hydrocarbon trapping structures discovered in the Namibian margin may be common elsewhere, making megaslides an attractive element of deep-water exploration along other gravitationally unstable margins

The timing of strike-slip shear along the Ranong and Khlong Marui faults, Thailand

The timing of shear along many important strike-slip faults in Southeast Asia, such as the Ailao Shan-Red River, Mae Ping and Three Pagodas faults, is poorly understood. We present 40Ar/39Ar, U-Pb SHRIMP and microstructural data from the Ranong and Khlong Marui faults of Thailand to show that they experienced a major period of ductile dextral shear during the middle Eocene (48–40 Ma, centered on 44 Ma) which followed two phases of dextral shear along the Ranong Fault, before the Late Cretaceous (>81 Ma) and between the late Paleocene and early Eocene (59–49 Ma). Many of the sheared rocks were part of a pre-kinematic crystalline basement complex, which partially melted and was intruded by Late Cretaceous (81–71 Ma) and early Eocene (48 Ma) tin-bearing granites. Middle Eocene dextral shear at temperatures of ~300–500°C formed extensive mylonite belts through these rocks and was synchronous with granitoid vein emplacement. Dextral shear along the Ranong and Khlong Marui faults occurred at the same time as sinistral shear along the Mae Ping and Three Pagodas faults of northern Thailand, a result of India-Burma coupling in advance of India-Asia collision. In the late Eocene (<37 Ma) the Ranong and Khlong Marui faults were reactivated as curved sinistral branches of the Mae Ping and Three Pagodas faults, which were accommodating lateral extrusion during India-Asia collision and Himalayan orogenesis

The Association of Cardiometabolic, Diet and Lifestyle Parameters With Plasma Glucagon-like Peptide-1:An IMI DIRECT Study

ContextThe role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity is not fully understood.ObjectiveWe investigate the association of cardiometabolic, diet, and lifestyle parameters on fasting and postprandial GLP-1 in people at risk of, or living with, T2D.MethodsWe analyzed cross-sectional data from the two Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) Diabetes Research on Patient Stratification (DIRECT) cohorts, cohort 1 (n = 2127) individuals at risk of diabetes; cohort 2 (n = 789) individuals with new-onset T2D.ResultsOur multiple regression analysis reveals that fasting total GLP-1 is associated with an insulin-resistant phenotype and observe a strong independent relationship with male sex, increased adiposity, and liver fat, particularly in the prediabetes population. In contrast, we showed that incremental GLP-1 decreases with worsening glycemia, higher adiposity, liver fat, male sex, and reduced insulin sensitivity in the prediabetes cohort. Higher fasting total GLP-1 was associated with a low intake of wholegrain, fruit, and vegetables in people with prediabetes, and with a high intake of red meat and alcohol in people with diabetes.ConclusionThese studies provide novel insights into the association between fasting and incremental GLP-1, metabolic traits of diabetes and obesity, and dietary intake, and raise intriguing questions regarding the relevance of fasting GLP-1 in the pathophysiology T2D

Sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction: individual participant data from pooled cohorts

Abstract Background and Aims: Risk stratification of sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction and prevention by defibrillator rely on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Improved risk stratification across the whole LVEF range is required for decision-making on defibrillator implantation. Methods: The analysis pooled 20 data sets with 140 204 post-myocardial infarction patients containing information on demographics, medical history, clinical characteristics, biomarkers, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Separate analyses were performed in patients (i) carrying a primary prevention cardioverter-defibrillator with LVEF ≤ 35% [implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) patients], (ii) without cardioverter-defibrillator with LVEF ≤ 35% (non-ICD patients ≤ 35%), and (iii) without cardioverter-defibrillator with LVEF > 35% (non-ICD patients >35%). Primary outcome was sudden cardiac death or, in defibrillator carriers, appropriate defibrillator therapy. Using a competing risk framework and systematic internal–external cross-validation, a model using LVEF only, a multivariable flexible parametric survival model, and a multivariable random forest survival model were developed and externally validated. Predictive performance was assessed by random effect meta-analysis. Results: There were 1326 primary outcomes in 7543 ICD patients, 1193 in 25 058 non-ICD patients ≤35%, and 1567 in 107 603 non-ICD patients >35% during mean follow-up of 30.0, 46.5, and 57.6 months, respectively. In these three subgroups, LVEF poorly predicted sudden cardiac death (c-statistics between 0.50 and 0.56). Considering additional parameters did not improve calibration and discrimination, and model generalizability was poor. Conclusions: More accurate risk stratification for sudden cardiac death and identification of low-risk individuals with severely reduced LVEF or of high-risk individuals with preserved LVEF was not feasible, neither using LVEF nor using other predictors.Abstract Background and Aims: Risk stratification of sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction and prevention by defibrillator rely on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Improved risk stratification across the whole LVEF range is required for decision-making on defibrillator implantation. Methods: The analysis pooled 20 data sets with 140 204 post-myocardial infarction patients containing information on demographics, medical history, clinical characteristics, biomarkers, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Separate analyses were performed in patients (i) carrying a primary prevention cardioverter-defibrillator with LVEF ≤ 35% [implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) patients], (ii) without cardioverter-defibrillator with LVEF ≤ 35% (non-ICD patients ≤ 35%), and (iii) without cardioverter-defibrillator with LVEF > 35% (non-ICD patients >35%). Primary outcome was sudden cardiac death or, in defibrillator carriers, appropriate defibrillator therapy. Using a competing risk framework and systematic internal–external cross-validation, a model using LVEF only, a multivariable flexible parametric survival model, and a multivariable random forest survival model were developed and externally validated. Predictive performance was assessed by random effect meta-analysis. Results: There were 1326 primary outcomes in 7543 ICD patients, 1193 in 25 058 non-ICD patients ≤35%, and 1567 in 107 603 non-ICD patients >35% during mean follow-up of 30.0, 46.5, and 57.6 months, respectively. In these three subgroups, LVEF poorly predicted sudden cardiac death (c-statistics between 0.50 and 0.56). Considering additional parameters did not improve calibration and discrimination, and model generalizability was poor. Conclusions: More accurate risk stratification for sudden cardiac death and identification of low-risk individuals with severely reduced LVEF or of high-risk individuals with preserved LVEF was not feasible, neither using LVEF nor using other predictors

A saturated map of common genetic variants associated with human height

Common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are predicted to collectively explain 40–50% of phenotypic variation in human height, but identifying the specific variants and associated regions requires huge sample sizes1. Here, using data from a genome-wide association study of 5.4 million individuals of diverse ancestries, we show that 12,111 independent SNPs that are significantly associated with height account for nearly all of the common SNP-based heritability. These SNPs are clustered within 7,209 non-overlapping genomic segments with a mean size of around 90 kb, covering about 21% of the genome. The density of independent associations varies across the genome and the regions of increased density are enriched for biologically relevant genes. In out-of-sample estimation and prediction, the 12,111 SNPs (or all SNPs in the HapMap 3 panel2) account for 40% (45%) of phenotypic variance in populations of European ancestry but only around 10–20% (14–24%) in populations of other ancestries. Effect sizes, associated regions and gene prioritization are similar across ancestries, indicating that reduced prediction accuracy is likely to be explained by linkage disequilibrium and differences in allele frequency within associated regions. Finally, we show that the relevant biological pathways are detectable with smaller sample sizes than are needed to implicate causal genes and variants. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive map of specific genomic regions that contain the vast majority of common height-associated variants. Although this map is saturated for populations of European ancestry, further research is needed to achieve equivalent saturation in other ancestries