11 research outputs found
A semi-synthetic chickpea flour based diet for long-term maintenance of laboratory culture of helicoverpa armigera
Artificial rearing of insects in the laboratory is a pre-requisite for undertaking studies on insecticide/
biopesticide bioassays, and evaluation of germplasm, segregating breeding material, mapping populations,
and transgenic plants for resistance to insects. For successful rearing of insects in the laboratory, there is
need for standardizing a semi-synthetic diet that supports survival and development of the insect for
several generations. We tested different semi-βsynthetic diets for rearing the legume pod borer, Helicoverpa
armigera for two generations under laboratory conditions. All the semi-synthetic diets tested supported
the growth and development of H. armigera up to adult emergence, but there were significant differences
in survival and development and fecundity on different diets. The highest larval survival was observed in
the wheatgerm based diet in first (97.5%) and second generation (93.5%), followed by chickpea based
modified diet (93.75% survival in both the generations). The lowest larval weights (270.7 and 283.7 mg)
were recorded in the tapioca granules diet in 1st and 2nd generation, respectively. The adult emergence
ranged from 68.7 to 83.3%, and 60.4 to 81.2% in the 1st and 2nd generation, respectively. Least fecundity
was observed in the tapioca granules based diet (422 and 603 eggs per female) in both the generations,
but the differences were not significant. Complete or partial replacement of agar-agar with tapioca
granules was not suitable for use in artificial diets. The results indicated that modified chickpea flour
based diet was quite appropriate for rearing H. armigera under laboratory condition
Rickettsia Phylogenomics: Unwinding the Intricacies of Obligate Intracellular Life
BACKGROUND: Completed genome sequences are rapidly increasing for Rickettsia, obligate intracellular alpha-proteobacteria responsible for various human diseases, including epidemic typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In light of phylogeny, the establishment of orthologous groups (OGs) of open reading frames (ORFs) will distinguish the core rickettsial genes and other group specific genes (class 1 OGs or C1OGs) from those distributed indiscriminately throughout the rickettsial tree (class 2 OG or C2OGs). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We present 1823 representative (no gene duplications) and 259 non-representative (at least one gene duplication) rickettsial OGs. While the highly reductive (approximately 1.2 MB) Rickettsia genomes range in predicted ORFs from 872 to 1512, a core of 752 OGs was identified, depicting the essential Rickettsia genes. Unsurprisingly, this core lacks many metabolic genes, reflecting the dependence on host resources for growth and survival. Additionally, we bolster our recent reclassification of Rickettsia by identifying OGs that define the AG (ancestral group), TG (typhus group), TRG (transitional group), and SFG (spotted fever group) rickettsiae. OGs for insect-associated species, tick-associated species and species that harbor plasmids were also predicted. Through superimposition of all OGs over robust phylogeny estimation, we discern between C1OGs and C2OGs, the latter depicting genes either decaying from the conserved C1OGs or acquired laterally. Finally, scrutiny of non-representative OGs revealed high levels of split genes versus gene duplications, with both phenomena confounding gene orthology assignment. Interestingly, non-representative OGs, as well as OGs comprised of several gene families typically involved in microbial pathogenicity and/or the acquisition of virulence factors, fall predominantly within C2OG distributions. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Collectively, we determined the relative conservation and distribution of 14354 predicted ORFs from 10 rickettsial genomes across robust phylogeny estimation. The data, available at PATRIC (PathoSystems Resource Integration Center), provide novel information for unwinding the intricacies associated with Rickettsia pathogenesis, expanding the range of potential diagnostic, vaccine and therapeutic targets
Oral administration of bovine milk-derived extracellular vesicles induces senescence in the primary tumor but accelerates cancer metastasis
The concept that extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the diet can be absorbed by the intestinal tract of the consuming organism, be bioavailable in various organs, and in-turn exert phenotypic changes is highly debatable. Here, we isolate EVs from both raw and commercial bovine milk and characterize them by electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, western blotting, quantitative proteomics and small RNA sequencing analysis. Orally administered bovine milk-derived EVs survive the harsh degrading conditions of the gut, in mice, and is subsequently detected in multiple organs. Milk-derived EVs orally administered to mice implanted with colorectal and breast cancer cells reduce the primary tumor burden. Intriguingly, despite the reduction in primary tumor growth, milk-derived EVs accelerate metastasis in breast and pancreatic cancer mouse models. Proteomic and biochemical analysis reveal the induction of senescence and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer cells upon treatment with milk-derived EVs. Timing of EV administration is critical as oral administration after resection of the primary tumor reverses the pro-metastatic effects of milk-derived EVs in breast cancer models. Taken together, our study provides context-based and opposing roles of milk-derived EVs as metastasis inducers and suppressors