Notarial Acts as Written Evidence: Towards a Convergence Between Civil Law and Common Law Systems

This article studies the contrast between civil and common law systems regarding the significance of the notarial act. According to conventional scholarship, in the former, civil procedure requires written evidence and the notarial act is the strongest kind of evidence. In the latter, however, civil procedure requires oral evidence and the notarial act has no specific relevance. This article examines the extent of these two main principles: a) in civil law systems the notarial act is full evidence of the extrinsic and a document can be challenged only with an action for falsity; and b) in common law systems the notarial act has no specific evidentiary effect. Examination of the operational rules of both systems shows a marked weakening of the traditional theoretical opposition due to an increasingly pragmatic approach in solving problems linked to notarial acts, which are nowadays the same everywhere. This change marks an inexorable abandon of the crystallization of the classical schemes and theories, which, over the past centuries, have considered common law solutions a separate world from the civil law legal tradition

Efecto del cobre sobre las respuestas fotosintéticas de esporofitos juveniles de Lessonia Nigrescens Bory (Phaeophyceae).

Tesis (Magíster en Acuicultura y Título Ingeniero en Acuicultura)Lessonia nigrescens es una especie de importancia económica en nuestro país. Estudios ecológicos y ecotoxicológicos muestran una disminución de la abundancia de esta especie en el norte de Chile, como consecuencia del proceso de extracción industrial de cobre (Cu), cuyos desechos han modificado los ecosistemas marinos costeros. Las condiciones que favorecen la supervivencia de L. nigrescens y las respuestas fotosintéticas que posee frente a la exposición a Cu, son aún poco conocidas y de gran interés biológico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los efectos del Cu sobre las respuestas fotosintéticas de esporofitos juveniles de L. nigrescens sometidos a distintas concentraciones de Cu en laboratorio. Esporofitos juveniles de L. nigrescens, de 6-8 cm recolectados en Las Cruces, fueron cultivados durante 24 días a concentraciones de: 0,4, 17,1, 36,S Y 96,4 I-Ig de Cu L-1 • Los esporofitos sometidos a la más alta concentraciones de Cu presentan, al final del experimento, una disminución significativa (p<O,OS) del contenido de clorofila a, clorofila c y un aumento significativo (p<O,OS) en los niveles de. pca rotenos, no observándose cambios en los niveles de fucoxantina. Se ha observado que los mecanismos ligados a la inhibición de la fotosíntesis por metales pesados, se encuentran asociados con la disminución de la clorofila a, estudios en algas han demostrado que la disminución de este pigmento se debe a la sustitución del Mg2+ de la clorofila a por cobre en el CR del PSII, condición que se relaciona con aumentos en la eficiencia del complejo partidor de agua (Fo!Fv) y disminución en la eficiencia fotosintética (Fv!Fm). En este estudio observamos, en los esporofitos expuestos a la más alta concentración de cobre, un incremento en los valores de Fo!Fv, asociado a una baja en Fv!Fm, lo cual nos sugiere que la disminución de la concentración de clorofila a de éstos individuos de L. nigrescens está probablemente dado por la sustitución del Mg+2 por moléculas de cobre..

Real-time monitoring of cell protrusion dynamics by impedance responses

Cellular protrusions are highly dynamic structures involved in fundamental processes, including cell migration and invasion. For a cell to migrate, its leading edge must form protrusions, and then adhere or retract. The spatial and temporal coordination of protrusions and retraction is yet to be fully understood. The study of protrusion dynamics mainly relies on live-microscopy often coupled to fluorescent labeling. Here we report the use of an alternative, label-free, quantitative and rapid assay to analyze protrusion dynamics in a cell population based on the real-time recording of cell activity by means of electronic sensors. Cells are seeded on a plate covered with electrodes and their shape changes map into measured impedance variations. Upon growth factor stimulation the impedance increases due to protrusive activity and decreases following retraction. Compared to microscopy-based methods, impedance measurements are suitable to high-throughput studies on different cell lines, growth factors and chemical compounds. We present data indicating that this assay lends itself to dissect the biochemical signaling pathways controlling adhesive protrusions. Indeed, we show that the protrusion phase is sustained by actin polymerization, directly driven by growth factor stimulation. Contraction instead mainly relies on myosin action, pointing at a pivotal role of myosin in lamellipodia retraction

Heterogeneous expression of phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 genes within the hepatic acinus in the rat

Within the hepatic acinus, the functional unit of liver parenchyma, the induction of cytochrome P-450 protein by phenobarbital is manifested primarily in hepatocytes located closer to the hepatic venule, i.e., distal hepatocytes. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of cytochromes P-450b and P-450e mRNAs in populations of hepatocytes originating in the proximal or distal half of the liver acinus in the rat, as an approach to the elucidation of the mechanisms responsible for the heterogeneous zonal expression of cytochrome P-450 protein. The development of a new method to isolate hepatocytes originating from the proximal or distal half of the liver acinus enabled the measurement of total cytochrome P-450 content and of cytochromes P-450b and P-450e mRNAs in these hepatocytes. Levels of cytochromes P-450b and P-450e mRNAs were assessed in proximal and distal hepatocytes by Northern blot hybridization of poly(A+)RNA with a cDNA recognizing sequences of these two cytochromes. The kinetics of induction were defined by measuring these parameters after a single phenobarbital injection. Cytochrome P-450 mRNA levels reached maximum induction at 16 hr, returning to basal values by 48 hr. In contrast, total cytochrome P-450 microsomal protein content reached maximum induction after 33 hr. Hepatocytes of the distal half of the hepatic acinus responded to phenobarbital with higher levels of cytochromes P-450b and P-450e mRNAs than proximal hepatocytes. These results indicated that there is modulation of the expression of the cytochromes P-450b and P-450e genes within the hepatic acinus.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/38328/1/1840060522_ftp.pd

The diacylglycerol kinase α/Atypical PKC/β1 integrin pathway in SDF-1α mammary carcinoma invasiveness

Diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα), by phosphorylating diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid, provides a key signal driving cell migration and matrix invasion. We previously demonstrated that in epithelial cells activation of DGKα activity promotes cytoskeletal remodeling and matrix invasion by recruiting atypical PKC at ruffling sites and by promoting RCP-mediated recycling of α5β1 integrin to the tip of pseudopods. In here we investigate the signaling pathway by which DGKα mediates SDF-1α-induced matrix invasion of MDA-MB-231 invasive breast carcinoma cells. Indeed we showed that, following SDF-1α stimulation, DGKα is activated and localized at cell protrusion, thus promoting their elongation and mediating SDF-1α induced MMP-9 metalloproteinase secretion and matrix invasion. Phosphatidic acid generated by DGKα promotes localization at cell protrusions of atypical PKCs which play an essential role downstream of DGKα by promoting Rac-mediated protrusion elongation and localized recruitment of β1 integrin and MMP-9. We finally demonstrate that activation of DGKα, atypical PKCs signaling and β1 integrin are all essential for MDA-MB-231 invasiveness. These data indicates the existence of a SDF-1α induced DGKα - atypical PKC - β1 integrin signaling pathway, which is essential for matrix invasion of carcinoma cells

Epidemiología de la Urgencia Psiquiátrica en el Instituto Psiquiátrico "Dr. José Horwitz": Un nuevo estudio comparativo

Indexación: ScieloUna urgencia psiquiátrica es cualquier alteración del afecto, conducta o pensamiento que puede producir daños a terceros o al consultante. La consulta de urgencia ido en aumento en los últimos años. Objetivos: Determinar laprevalencia de las distintas patologías, describir su distribución según sexo, edad, sector de residencia, estado civil, ocupación, previsión y derivación en las consultas de urgencia psiquiátrica en el Hospital Psiquiátrico "Dr. JoséHorwitz" de Santiago y comparar estos resultados con publicaciones previas de estudios en el mismo centro. Material y Método: Muestra representativa de 1999 casos, escogidos aleatoriamente de las consultas realizadas entre el Io de julio de 2005 y el 30 de junio de 2006. Se agruparon los diagnósticos de acuerdo a la nomenclatura CIÉ-10. Resultados: 48,7% de las consultas fueron realizadas por pacientes de sexo masculino. La media de edad fue 39 años. 76,7% de las consultas fueron realizadas en horario diurno. El 48,3% de los pacientes no tiene ocupación. 48% eran solteros. Abuso de sustancias y alcohol, trastornos esquizoides, afectivos y neuróticos congregan el 73,9% de las consultas. La más prevalente fue la de trastornos asociados al abuso de sustancias y alcohol con un 19,7% del total. Conductas autoagresivas (74%) y trastornos afectivos (74%) se asoció más a mujeres, en cambio el abuso de sustancias y alcohol más con hombres (76%). Discusión: Las consultas por trastornos esquizoides han disminuido a lo largo de los años. En cambio las consultas por el abuso de sustancias y alcohol y los trastornos afectivos han aumentado. Se hacen sugerencias para enfrentar el nuevo perfil epidemiológico.A psychiatric emergency is any alteration of affection, thought or behavior that may cause harm to others or to the same consultant. These consultations have increased over the last years. Objectives: Determine the prevalence of the various pathologies, describing their distribution according to sex, age, area of residence, marital status, occupation, health insurance, and referral in psychiatric emergency consultations at "Dr. José Horwitz" Hospital of Santiago, and to compare these results with previously published studies in the same center. Material and Method: We used a representative sample of 1999 cases, chosen randomly from consultations held between July 1,2005 and June 30,2006. Diagnoses were grouped according to the nomenclature of the ICD-10. Results: 48.7% of the consultations were carried out by male patients and. Average age of consultation was 39. 76.7% of consultations were carried out in daytime. The 48.3% of people who consulted didn't have any occupation. 48% were singles. Abuse of substances and alcohol, schizoid, afective and neurotic disorders congregate 73.9% of total consultations. The most prevalent were the disorders associated with abuse of substances and alcohols with a 19.7% overall. Autoagressive behaviors (74%) and affective disorders (74%) were associated with females, while abuse of substances and alcohol was associated with males (76%). Discussion: Schizoid disorders have proportionally declined in importance over the years. In contrast, abuse of substances and alcohol, and affective disorders have increased their frecuency. Suggestions are made to FACE the new epidemiological profile.http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-92272010000400002&nrm=is

Cytochrome p-450 gene expression in the functional units of the fetal liver

Hepatocytes of the right and left lobes of the fetal liver are surrounded by different microenvironments. The right and left lobes of the fetal liver are perfused by vascular systems carrying different concentrations of oxygen and constitute distinct functional units. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of the phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 b,e genes in hepatocytes of the right and left fetal liver lobes in mice. Northern-blot analysis using [ 32 P]cDNAs and quantitative dot-blot hybridization were performed to assess the size and levels of these mRNAs in the right and left fetal liver lobes. In fetal mice, the levels of cytochrome P-450, b,e mRNAs were higher in the left than in the right fetal liver lobe. During the last days of gestation and in the immediate postnatal period, the levels of liver cytochrome P-450 b,e mRNAs increased predominantly in the left liver lobe. In contrast, the levels of albumin and Α-fetoprotein mRNAs (genes studied to assess the specificity of these findings) were similar in each of functional units of the fetal liver. Phenobarbital induction of cytochromes P-450 b,e mRNAs was not observed in either of the fetal liver lobes. Postnatally, phenobarbital induced these cytochromes similarly in the right and left liver lobes. Therefore, the microenvironment surrounding fetal hepatocytes seems to influence the expression of the cytochrome P-450 b,e genes. This lobar heterogeneity of expression disappears as the pattern of adult liver circulation is attained.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/38336/1/1840080222_ftp.pd

Diacylglycerol kinase-α phosphorylation by Src on Y335 is required for activation, membrane recruitment and Hgf-induced cell motility

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Ortopedia prequirúrgica en niños fisurados. Reporte de caso clínico

La fisura labiopalatina requiere ortopedia prequirúrgica para alinear los segmentos maxilares fisurados previo a la queiloplastía primaria. Caso Clínico. Recién nacido de género masculino atendido en el Hospital Regional de Concepción con diagnóstico de fisura labiopalatina bilateral completa, tratado con ortopedia prequirúrgica, siendo posible apreciar la evolución al término del primer año, las ventajas por el uso de la técnica de Grayson, así como la interacción del equipo multidisciplinario que participó del caso. Conclusión. La ortopedia prequirúrgica resulta eficaz en la rehabilitación de niños fisurados, al actuar como coadyuvante de la lactancia y alimentación del niño y permitiendo llevar tempranamente elementos óseos y partes blandas afectadas a una posición anatómica favorable, lo cual otorga mejores resultados quirúrgicos, tanto estéticos como funcionales. La queiloplastía primaria se ve favorecida por la reducción de la tensión en los tejidos blandos y del ancho de la fisura palatina y alveolar

Phenobarbital induction of cytochrome p-450 b,e genes is dependent on protein synthesis

Phenobarbital induces liver cytochrome P-450 b,e proteins mainly by increasing the rate of transcription of these genes. The mechanism responsible for the phenobarbital increment in the rate of transcription of cytochrome P-450 b,e genes is unknown. The objective of this study was to assess whether active protein synthesis was needed for phenobarbital to induce the liver cytochrome P-450 b,e genes. Cycloheximide (2 mg per kg, i.p.) was administered 90 min prior to a single inductive dose of phenobarbital (80 mg per kg, i.p.) and mRNAS measured at 3, 6 and 12 hr by dot-blot hybridization. While phenobarbital increased cytochrome P-450 b,e mRNAs about 12-fold at 3 hr, this induction was abolished by cycloheximide. To define whether the absence of protein synthesis in hepatocytes inhibited the phenobarbital induction of cytochrome P-450 at the transcriptional level, in vitro transcription rates using isolated nuclei were measured. After phenobarbital administration, there was about a 20-fold increment in transcriptional rate of cytochrome P-450 b,e genes. This increment was abolished by prior injection of cycloheximide. It is proposed that either preexisting regulatory proteins or transacting factors dependent on active protein synthesis participate in the regulation of liver cytochrome P-450 b,e gene transcription after phenobarbital.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/38337/1/1840080223_ftp.pd