1,995 research outputs found
Understorey plant community and light availability in conifer plantations and natural hardwood forests in Taiwan
Questions: What are the effects of replacing mixed species natural forests with Cryptomeria japonica plantations on understorey plant functional and species diversity? What is the role of the understorey light environment in determining understorey diversity and community in the two types of forest?
Location: Subtropical northeast Taiwan.
Methods: We examined light environments using hemispherical photography, and diversity and composition of understorey plants of a 35âyr C. japonica plantation and an adjacent natural hardwood forest.
Results: Understorey plant species richness was similar in the two forests, but the communities were different; only 18 of the 91 recorded understorey plant species occurred in both forests. Relative abundance of plants among different functional groups differed between the two forests. Relative numbers of shadeâtolerant and shadeâintolerant seedling individuals were also different between the two forest types with only one shadeâintolerant seedling in the plantation compared to 23 seedlings belonging to two species in the natural forest. In the natural forest 11 species of tree seedling were found, while in the plantation only five were found, and the seedling density was only one third of that in the natural forest. Across plots in both forests, understorey plant richness and diversity were negatively correlated with direct sunlight but not indirect sunlight, possibly because direct light plays a more important role in understorey plant growth.
Conclusions: We report lower species and functional diversity and higher light availability in a natural hardwood forest than an adjacent 30âyr C. japonica plantation, possibly due to the increased dominance of shadeâintolerant species associated with higher light availability. To maintain plant diversity, management efforts must be made to prevent localized losses of shadeâadapted understorey plants
Correcting the Colour-Dipole Cascade Model with Fixed Order Matrix Elements
An algorithm is presented in which the Colour-Dipole Cascade Model as
implemented in the Ariadne program is corrected to match the fixed order
tree-level matrix elements for e+e- -> n jets. The result is a full parton
level generator for e+e- annihilation where the generated states are correct on
tree-level to fixed order in alpha_S and to all orders with modified leading
logarithmic (MLLA) accuracy. In this paper, matrix elements are used up to
second order in alpha_S, but the scheme is applicable also for higher orders.
An improvement to also include exact virtual corrections to fixed order is
suggested and the possibility to extend the scheme to hadronic collisions is
discussed
Magnetic phase diagram in EuLaFeAs single crystals
We have systematically measured resistivity, susceptibility and specific heat
under different magnetic fields (H) in EuLaFeAs single
crystals. It is found that a metamagnetic transition from A-type
antiferromagnetism to ferromagnetism occurs at a critical field for magnetic
sublattice of . The jump of specific heat is suppressed and shifts to
low temperature with increasing H up to the critical value, then shifts to high
temperature with further increasing H. Such behavior supports the metamagnetic
transition. Detailed H-T phase diagrams for x=0 and 0.15 crystals are given,
and possible magnetic structure is proposed. Magnetoresistance measurements
indicate that there exists a strong coupling between local moment of
and charge in Fe-As layer. These results are very significant to understand the
underlying physics of FeAs superconductors.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Analysis and Development of Emergency Management Information System for Railway Systems in Taiwan
Railway is one of the most efficient, convenient, and comfortable ways with maximum mobility to meet people. Railway accidents or disasters often cause delays and service interruptions, resulting in operational and other loss. Despite many railway systems in Taiwan having a variety of monitoring systems for natural disasters, they still need an efficient platform for the emergency management of disasters and accidents since time and efficiency are the keys to emergency management. This study aims to fill in this gap by developing an emergency management information system for Railway Systems in Taiwan, i.e. âRailway Emergency Management Information Systemâ, to support railway emergency management center and its sub-divisions in resource management, communication, messaging, and information sharing among different groups. The system includes many features that will improve communications between emergency management center and the mobile emergency management center to facilitate the progress of the disaster control units and dispatching at the disaster site. The studyâs information system has been designated by local railway administration as the core system and starts trial since February 2012. Information requirement analysis, framework and design of the aforementioned information system will be discussed in this paper. It is hoped that the present study's information system research will help improve the emergency response of railway administration and provide safer rail transport service for the passengers
Charmless Decays Based on the six-quark Effective Hamiltonian with Strong Phase Effects II
We provide a systematic study of charmless decays (
and denote pseudoscalar and vector mesons, respectively) based on an
approximate six-quark operator effective Hamiltonian from QCD. The calculation
of the relevant hard-scattering kernels is carried out, the resulting
transition form factors are consistent with the results of QCD sum rule
calculations. By taking into account important classes of power corrections
involving "chirally-enhanced" terms and the vertex corrections as well as weak
annihilation contributions with non-trivial strong phase, we present
predictions for the branching ratios and CP asymmetries of decays into
PP, PV and VV final states, and also for the corresponding polarization
observables in VV final states. It is found that the weak annihilation
contributions with non-trivial strong phase have remarkable effects on the
observables in the color-suppressed and penguin-dominated decay modes. In
addition, we discuss the SU(3) flavor symmetry and show that the symmetry
relations are generally respected
On Vanishing Theorems For Vector Bundle Valued p-Forms And Their Applications
Let be a strictly increasing function
with . We unify the concepts of -harmonic maps, minimal
hypersurfaces, maximal spacelike hypersurfaces, and Yang-Mills Fields, and
introduce -Yang-Mills fields, -degree, -lower degree, and generalized
Yang-Mills-Born-Infeld fields (with the plus sign or with the minus sign) on
manifolds. When and
the -Yang-Mills field becomes an ordinary Yang-Mills field,
-Yang-Mills field, a generalized Yang-Mills-Born-Infeld field with the plus
sign, and a generalized Yang-Mills-Born-Infeld field with the minus sign on a
manifold respectively. We also introduce the energy functional (resp.
-Yang-Mills functional) and derive the first variational formula of the
energy functional (resp. -Yang-Mills functional) with
applications. In a more general frame, we use a unified method to study the
stress-energy tensors that arise from calculating the rate of change of various
functionals when the metric of the domain or base manifold is changed. These
stress-energy tensors, linked to -conservation laws yield monotonicity
formulae. A "macroscopic" version of these monotonicity inequalities enables us
to derive some Liouville type results and vanishing theorems for forms with
values in vector bundles, and to investigate constant Dirichlet boundary value
problems for 1-forms. In particular, we obtain Liouville theorems for
harmonic maps (e.g. -harmonic maps), and Yang-Mills fields (e.g.
generalized Yang-Mills-Born-Infeld fields on manifolds). We also obtain
generalized Chern type results for constant mean curvature type equations for
forms on and on manifolds with the global doubling property
by a different approach. The case and is due to Chern.Comment: 1. This is a revised version with several new sections and an
appendix that will appear in Communications in Mathematical Physics. 2. A
"microscopic" approach to some of these monotonicity formulae leads to
celebrated blow-up techniques and regularity theory in geometric measure
theory. 3. Our unique solution of the Dirichlet problems generalizes the work
of Karcher and Wood on harmonic map
Effect of different rooting media on stem cuttings of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell
The use of woody stem cuttings as propagation material is vital when seeds are insufficient and when producing clonal material. The objectives of this study were to determine the survival rate and rooting ability of Eucalyptus pellita stem cuttings from different portions of the stem and using different rooting media. Three portions of stem cutting (apical, median and basal) at 5 to 10 cm length were obtained from three-month-old E. pellita seedlings. Each stem cutting contained two trimmed apex leaves, and then rooting hormone (IBA) was applied as a root booster. Three rooting media were used, namely river sand, black soil and coco peat. The experiments consisted of 3 treatments and 3 replications. Data were collected bi-weekly for 14 weeks. The assessment for rooting ability was performed after four weeks of planting. The result obtained showed river sand is the best rooting media and apical part as the most suitable part to be propagated
Asymmetric emission of high energy electrons in the two-dimensional hydrodynamic expansion of large xenon clusters irradiated by intense laser fields
Energy spectra and angular distributions have been measured of electrons that
are emitted upon disassembly of following irradiation by intense
(10 W cm) laser pulses whose durations are varied over
the 100-2200 fs range. The cluster explosion dynamics occur in the hydrodynamic
regime. Electron emission is found to be unexpectedly asymmetric and exhibits a
resonance when the laser pulse duration is 1 ps. These results are
rationalized by extending the hydrodynamic model to also take into account the
force that the light field exerts on the polarization charge that is induced on
surface of the cluster. We show that the magnitude of this electrostrictive
force is comparable to those of Coulombic and the hydrodynamic forces, and it
exhibits resonance behavior. Contrary to earlier understanding, we find that
low-energy electrons are connected to the resonance in energy absorption by the
cluster. The high-energy electrons seem to be produced by a mechanism that is
not so strongly influenced by the resonance.Comment: 1 Revtex file, 8 figs. in eps forma
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