Metabolism of Salvianolic Acid A and Antioxidant Activities of Its Methylated Metabolites

ABSTRACT This study investigated the metabolism of salvianolic acid A (SAA) both in vivo and in vitro. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of drug-containing rat bile samples and bile samples hydrolyzed by glucuronidase revealed a series of methylated conjugates of SAA and its glucuronides, as well as the predominance of the methylation pathway of SAA in rats. For the first time, four major methylated metabolites present in vivo were prepared for structure characterization and bioactivity evaluation using in vitro coincubation systems with rat hepatic cytosol protein as the enzyme donor. By using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and other spectroscopic methods, these metabolites were unambiguously elucidated as 3-O-methyl-SAA (M1), 39-O-methyl-SAA (M2), 3,30-O-dimethyl-SAA (M3), and 39,30-O-dimethyl-SAA (M4), respectively. Along with results from the enzyme inhibition study, selective formation of these meta-O-methylated derivatives indicated that catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) is responsible for methylated transformation of SAA. All of these metabolites displayed fairly high antioxidant potency against in vitro rat liver lipid peroxidation with halfmaximal inhibitory concentrations that were much lower than those of the positive controls and even SAA. Overall, the results from this study demonstrate that SAA is a metabolically unstable compound that undergoes rapid methylation metabolism catalyzed by COMT, and these generated O-methylated metabolites may be largely responsible for its in vivo pharmacological effects

Evidence for reduced immune gene diversity and activity during the evolution of termites

This study was supported by Freie Universität Internal Research Funding and Devtsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, grant no. MC 436/5-1) to D.P.M. S.H., P.S. and J.S. are supported by ‘EVA4.0’ (no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803), and P.S. and J.S. are supported by CIGA no. 20184306. Y.C. and Z.W. are supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 31672329).The evolution of biological complexity is associated with the emergence of bespoke immune systems that maintain and protect organism integrity. Unlike the well-studied immune systems of cells and individuals, little is known about the origins of immunity during the transition to eusociality, a major evolutionary transition comparable to the evolution of multicellular organisms from single-celled ancestors. We aimed to tackle this by characterizing the immune gene repertoire of 18 cockroach and termite species, spanning the spectrum of solitary, subsocial and eusocial lifestyles. We find that key transitions in termite sociality are correlated with immune gene family contractions. In cross-species comparisons of immune gene expression, we find evidence for a caste-specific social defence system in termites, which appears to operate at the expense of individual immune protection. Our study indicates that a major transition in organismal complexity may have entailed a fundamental reshaping of the immune system optimized for group over individual defence.Peer reviewe

Evidence for reduced immune gene diversity and activity during the evolution of termites

The evolution of biological complexity is associated with the emergence of bespoke immune systems that maintain and protect organism integrity. Unlike the well-studied immune systems of cells and individuals, little is known about the origins of immunity during the transition to eusociality, a major evolutionary transition comparable to the evolution of multicellular organisms from single-celled ancestors. We aimed to tackle this by characterizing the immune gene repertoire of 18 cockroach and termite species, spanning the spectrum of solitary, subsocial and eusocial lifestyles. We find that key transitions in termite sociality are correlated with immune gene family contractions. In cross-species comparisons of immune gene expression, we find evidence for a caste-specific social defence system in termites, which appears to operate at the expense of individual immune protection. Our study indicates that a major transition in organismal complexity may have entailed a fundamental reshaping of the immune system optimized for group over individual defence

Vicariance and dispersal events inferred from mitochondrial genomes and nuclear genes (18S, 28S) shaped global Cryptocercus distributions

Cryptocercus Scudder, a genus of wingless, subsocial cockroaches, has low vagility but exhibits a disjunct distribution in eastern and western North America, and in China, South Korea and the Russian Far East. This distribution provides an ideal model for testing hypotheses of vicariance through plate tectonics or other natural barriers versus dispersal across oceans or other natural barriers. We sequenced 45 samples of Cryptocercus to resolve phylogenetic relationships among members of the genus worldwide. We identified four types of tRNA rearrangements among samples from the Qin-Daba Mountains. Our maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic trees, based on mitochondrial genomes and nuclear genes (18S, 28S), strongly supported six major lineages of Cryptocercus, which displayed a clear geographical distribution pattern. We used Bayesian molecular dating to estimate the evolutionary timescale of the genus, and reconstructed Cryptocercus ancestral ranges using statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis (S-DIVA) in RASP. Two dispersal events and six vicariance events for Cryptocercus were inferred with high support. The initial vicariance event occurred between American and Asian lineages at 80.5 Ma (95% credibility interval: 60.0–104.7 Ma), followed by one vicariance event within the American lineage 43.8 Ma (95% CI: 32.0–57.5 Ma), and two dispersal 31.9 Ma (95% CI: 25.8–39.5 Ma), 21.7 Ma (95% CI: 17.3–27.1 Ma) plus four vicariance events c. 29.3 Ma, 27.2 Ma, 24.8 Ma and 16.7 Ma within the Asian lineage. Our analyses provide evidence that both vicariance and dispersal have played important roles in shaping the distribution and diversity of these woodroaches

Scalida Hebard 1929

Key to species of <i>Scalida</i> from China <p>1. Pronotum with dark U- shaped macula (Figs. 2, 23, 32)............................................................................................. 2</p> <p>- Pronotum without U-shaped macula (Fig.12)............................................................................................................... 4</p> <p> 2. First (T1) and seventh (T7) abdominal terga specialized (Figs. 35, 36)....................... <i>Scalida pyrrhocephala</i> <b>sp. nov.</b></p> <p>- Either T1 or T7 specialized, or both unspecialized...................................................................................................... 3</p> <p> 3. Median phallomere sticklike, long and slender (Fig. 9)..................................................................... <i>Scalida biclavata</i></p> <p> - Median phallomere irregular, apex with thick and short setae (Fig. 29)....................... <i>Scalida quadrispinata</i> <b>sp. nov.</b></p> <p> 4. Only T1 specialized..................................................................................................................... <i>Scalida spinosolobata</i></p> <p> <i>-</i> T1 and T7 both specialized........................................................................................................................................... 5</p> <p> 5. T1 with a medial setal tuft and T7 with sparse medial setae................................................................. <i>Scalida simplex</i></p> <p> - T1 with a group of medial setae and T7 with a pair of large, transverse medial depressions (Figs 15, 16)................... <i>.......................................................................................................................................................... Scalida ectobiodes</i></p>Published as part of <i>Wang, Zongqing & Che, Yanli, 2010, The genus Scalida Hebard (Blattaria: Blattellidae, Blattellinae) in China, pp. 37-46 in Zootaxa 2502 (1)</i> on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2502.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5302190">http://zenodo.org/record/5302190</a&gt

Scalida ectobiodes

Scalida ectobiodes (Saussure, 1873) Figures 11–21 Ischnoptera ectobiodes Saussure 1873: 104. Scalida ectobiodes, Princis 1950: 214. Sigmella ectobiodes, Roth 1991: 23. Description. Male: Pronotum length×width 2.8× 3.5 mm, tegmen length 10 mm, body length including tegmen 12.5–13.2 mm. Body blackish brown. Occiput region pale yellow, clypeus yellowish brown. Antenna blackish brown except base yellowish brown. Pronotum blackish brown with anterior and lateral borders yellowish brown (Fig. 12). Tegmina blackish brown with pale yellow borders. Vertex with interocular space narrower than the distance between antennal sockets (Fig. 11). Third and fifth maxillary palpomeres of about equal length, each longer than the fourth. Tegmina with discoidal vein longitudinal. Costal vein of hind wings swollen and thickened, radial veins straight and unbranched; medial and cubital vein clearly curved, medial vein simple and unbranched, cubital vein with 3 complete branches and 2 incomplete branches, apical triangle distinct (Fig. 13). Front femur Type B 3 (Fig. 14). First abdominal tergum with a group of setae in middle (Fig. 15); seventh abdominal tergum with a pair of large, transverse depressions in middle, and posterolateral corners with small rounded lobes (Fig. 16). Male genitalia supra-anal plate in ventral view weakly asymmetrical, hind margin distinctly produced with two large spines directed toward subgenital plate, and deeply and concavely excavated with one projecting medial lobe with a scattered group of minute teeth (Fig. 17). Paraprocts asymmetrical and different; in ventral view the right paraproct irregular, apex with minute teeth; left paraproct bifurcate, one branch stout and apex undulated, the other acute with upturned apex (Fig. 17). Subgenital plate in dorsal view asymmetrical, lateral margins deeply sinuate and upcurved near apex; posterior margin weakly convex with two styli, left style large, bifurcated and directed laterad, right style small, bifurcated and directed laterad, apex of each style acuminate (Fig. 18). Hook-like left phallomere robust proximally (Fig. 19). Median phallomere sticklike, apex swollen into large, irregular plate with long setae; small, irregular appendage present, stout at right side and serrated at left (Fig. 20). Right phallomere reduced, spadelike, with one S-shaped appendage (Fig. 21). Material examined. 2 ♂, 1 ♀, China, Yunnan, Simao, 29 May 1986, coll. Feng Pingzhang; 12 ♂, 3 ♀, Guizhou, Wangmo, 5/ 6 June 1982, coll. Feng Pingzhang; 6 ♀, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang, 850 m, 17 June 1957, coll. Wang Shuyong; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Fujian, Putian, 5 July 1978, coll. Huang Bangkan; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menghun, 750 m, 4 June 1959, coll. Meng Xuwu; 1 ♂, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Jinghong, 650 m, 21 June 1958, coll. Zhang Yiran; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Yunnan, Jinghong, 6 June 1986, coll. Feng Pingzhang; 3 ♂, Guizhou, Wangmo, 23 May 1982, coll. Feng Pingzhang. Remarks. This species was previously known only from southern China (Saussure, 1873, Bey-Bienko, 1957) and Myanmar (Princis, 1950). The most distinctive character is the pronotum with pale cephalic and lateral margins. We examined specimens collected from southern China and drew the conclusion that this species should be transferred back to Scalida. The peculiar hind margin of supra-anal plate resembles other species of Scalida, and the interstyle process is absent. Distribution. China (Yunnan, Guizhou); Myanmar.Published as part of Wang, Zongqing & Che, Yanli, 2010, The genus Scalida Hebard (Blattaria: Blattellidae, Blattellinae) in China, pp. 37-46 in Zootaxa 2502 (1) on pages 40-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2502.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/530219

Hemithyrsocera simulans Bey-Bienko 1969

<i>Hemithyrsocera simulans</i> (Bey-Bienko, 1969) <p>Figs. 10–11, 20–31</p> <p> <i>Parasymploce simulans</i> Bey-Bienko, 1969: 856; Roth, 1985: 527. <i>Hemithyrsocera simulans</i>, Roth, 1995: 962</p> <p> <b>Measurements</b> (mm). <b>Male</b>, overall length including tegmina: 17.9–18.4; pronotum length × width: 3.0–3.3×3.9– 4.3; tegmina length: 15.0–15.3. <b>Female</b>, overall length including tegmina: 15.5–16.4; pronotum length × width: 3.0–3.4×4.0–4.3; tegmina length: 14.0–14.6.</p> <p> Body medium, yellowish brown (Fig. 1). Vertex yellowish brown with middle area pale brown. Ocellar spots pale brown. Face yellowish brown, with one pale yellow macula below each antennal socket (Fig. 11). Labrum pale yellowish brown (Fig. 11). Fifth maxillary palpomere dark brown while others yellowish brown (Fig. 11). Pronotum dark brown with distinct dark yellowish brown and lyrate maculae on disc, each lateral margin hyaline and pale brown (Fig. 10, 22). Tegmina blackish brown with discoidal area hyaline and pale; hind wings hyaline and pale yellowish brown. Sterna yellowish brown and 1st <b>–</b> 7th segment lateral borders with small black spot (Fig. 11).</p> <p>Vertex with interocular space narrower than the distance between antennal sockets (Fig. 20). Third and fifth maxillary palpomeres approximately same length, and both longer than the fourth (Fig. 21). Pronotum subelliptical, the middle of hind margin strongly produced (Fig. 22). Hind wings with radius area narrow, R1 with 4 branches, posterior branches of R extended before the anterior rami of radius and bifurcated at apical; M simple, Cu with two branches; apical triangle distinct. Front femur Type A3 (Fig. 23). Seventh abdominal tergum specialized with the middle region hyaline but without setae; laterally on each side, a more or less rounded lobe covered with small setae (Fig. 26).</p> <p>Supra-anal plate (Fig. 27) symmetrical in ventral view, hind margin strongly convex in the middle, posterior region scattered with setae; right and left paraprocts dissimilar and irregular, each with an acute spine arising from the middle, the right one pointed caudadly, and the left one curved and directed right. Subgenital plate (Fig. 28) obviously asymmetrical in dorsal view without obvious process; hind margin uneven with 2 robust fingerlike processes, whose apices scattered with lots of small teeth; right and left posterolateral corners rounded, 2 different conical styli interspersed with some setae arising from the middle and left corner of hind margin.</p> <p>Male genitalia. L3 (Fig. 29) long and slender, without preapical incision; L2vm (Fig. 30) slender, slightly curved and basally rounded, associated with an irregular sclerite by membrane; R2 (Fig. 31) with a large and irregular sclerite, R3 (Fig. 31) with 2 obvious sclerites, one of which large and inversed Y-shaped, the other nearly L-shaped.</p> <p> <b>Materials examined. 1</b> ♂, China, Yunnan Prov., Pu’er, 1384m, 22°45’20”N, 101°00’634”E, 24 May 2014, leg. Li Xinran; 3♂ 2♀, China, Yunnan Prov., Xishuangbanna, Jinghong, Dadugang, 1299m, 22°22’378”N, 100°57’180”E, 28 May 2014, leg. Li Xinran; 10♂ 12♀, China, Yunnan Prov., Xishuangbanna, Jinghong, Dadugang, leg. Liu Hongguang.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> This species resembles <i>H. irregularitervittata</i> in morphology, but can be distinguished by the following characteristics: 1) seventh abdominal tergum specialized but without setae (two group of strong setae present in <i>H. irregularitervittata</i>); 2) supra-anal plate without intercercal process (intercercal process present in <i>H. irregularitervittata</i>); 3) L2vm slender, slightly curved and apically tapering (apical half distinctly curved and apex forked in <i>H. irregularitervittata</i>).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> China (Yunnan Prov.).</p>Published as part of <i>Wang, Zongqing & Che, Yanli, 2017, Three new species of cockroach genus Hemithyrsocera Saussure, 1893 (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Blattellinae) with redescriptions of two known species from China, pp. 543-556 in Zootaxa 4263 (3)</i> on pages 545-548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4263.3.6, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/573667">http://zenodo.org/record/573667</a&gt

Scalida biclavata Bey-Bienko 1958

Scalida biclavata Bey-Bienko, 1958 Figures 1–10 Scalida biclavata Bey-Bienko 1958: 672. Sigmella biclavata, Roth 1991: 14. Description. Male: Pronotum length×width 2.7–2.8× 3.5–3.8 mm, tegmen length 11.0– 12 mm, body length including tegmen 13.5–14.5 mm. Body reddish brown or blackish brown. Vertex reddish brown, face yellowish brown. Occiput region pale yellow. Eyes black, suffused with gold. Antennal base yellowish brown, remainder of antenna blackish brown. Fifth maxillary palpomere dark brown, other maxillary palpomeres yellowish brown. Pronotum with one U-shaped dark brown macula (Fig.2) and pale yellow lateral borders. Tegmina reddish brown with pale yellow edges. Legs and abdomen yellowish brown. Vertex with interocular space slightly narrower than distance between antennal sockets (Fig.1). Third and fourth maxillary palpomeres same length, each shorter than the fifth palpomere. Subcostal and costal veins of hind wings swollen and thickened, radial veins straight and unbranched; medial and cubital vein curved, medial vein simple and unbranched, cubital vein with 3 complete branches and 2 incomplete branches, apical triangle small (Fig. 3). Front femur Type B 3 (Fig. 4). Seventh abdominal tergum with a pair of large, transverse depressions medially, posterior margin with small V-shaped indention, posterolateral corners with small rounded lobes (Fig. 5).Male genitalia with supra-anal plate in ventral view symmetrical, middle of hind margin with one W-shaped incision, two posterior angles acuminate and with some long setae (Fig.6). Paraprocts asymmetrical, the right with two plates, one slender and simple, the other above the first, fingerlike and tapering, apex with minute teeth; left paraproct an irregular, simple plate (Fig. 6). Subgenital plate in dorsal view asymmetrical, middle of posterior margin distinctly convex and with two different and bifurcated styli, one robust at base and acuminate at apex, the other similar but larger and with one small tooth; left phallomere hook-like with distal part robust, apex acute (Fig. 8); median phallomere sticklike, long and slender with sinuate appendage acute at left and bifurcated at right (Fig. 9); right phallomere large, sclerotized and with irregular plates (Fig. 10). Material examined. 2♂, China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang, 850 m, 17 June 1957, coll. Zang Lingchao; 1♂, same data but coll. Wang Shuyong; 2♂, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menghun, 750 m, 7 June 1957, coll. Hong Chunpei; 1♂, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Mengla, 17 July 2004, coll. Wang Zongqing. Remarks. Roth (1991) placed this species in Sigmella based on the S-shaped medial and cubital veins of the hind wing, and assumed that Bey-Bienko’s description (1958) was incorrect in some respects. After examination of specimens from Yunnan Province, China, deposited in the Insect Collection of the College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, we are confident that Bey-Bienko (1958) was correct. The degree of sinuation of the medial and cubital veins is variable in different individuals, the styli are specialized, and the interstyle process is absent. Therefore, we consider this species to be properly placed in Scalida. Distribution. China (Yunnan).Published as part of Wang, Zongqing & Che, Yanli, 2010, The genus Scalida Hebard (Blattaria: Blattellidae, Blattellinae) in China, pp. 37-46 in Zootaxa 2502 (1) on pages 38-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2502.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/530219

Scalida quadrispinata Wang & Che 2010, sp. nov.

Scalida quadrispinata Wang & Che, sp. nov. Figures 23–30 Description. Male: Pronotum length×width 2.4× 3.6 mm, tegmen length 13 mm, body length including tegmen 15 mm. Body blackish brown. Vertex blackish brown, testaceous or yellowish brown. Occiput region pale yellow. Antennal base blackish brown, remainder of antenna yellowish brown. Fifth maxillary palpomere dark brown. Pronotum brown with darker U-shaped macula on disk (Fig. 23). Tegmina blackish brown, basal and apical part paler brown. Vertex with interocular space nearly equal to distance between antennal sockets (Fig. 22). Third and fifth maxillary palpomeres about equal length, each distinctly longer than the fourth. Tegmina with discoidal sectors and anal vein longitudinal. Hind wings with costal vein thickened distally, radial vein straight, unbranched; medial and cubital vein distinctly curved near middle, medial vein simple and unbranched, cubital vein with 3 complete branches and 3 incomplete branches, apical triangle distinct and large (Fig. 24). Front femur Type B 3 (Fig. 25). Abdominal terga unspecialized. Male genitalia with supra-anal plate in ventral view symmetrical, hind margin produced into two spinelike processes, with four minute, scattered spines; a small spine arising next to long, tapering process, middle of hind margin with one small, semicircular, projecting medial lobe with scattered small teeth (Fig. 26). Paraprocts asymmetrical, in ventral view right paraproct irregular with one large spine in middle, and three minute teeth on the spine; left paraproct irregular, robust and bifurcated, with one large curved and acuminate spine directed cephalad nearly in middle (Fig. 26). Subgenital plate in dorsal view asymmetrical, lateral margins shallowly sinuate and upcurved near apex; right posterior corner distinctly concave. Two styli dissimilar, left stylus upright, bifurcate, with curved arms, the right stylus curved to the right, apex with two minute teeth; rounded protuberance between styli (Fig. 27). Left hook-like phallomere with distal part slender (Fig. 28); median phallomere long, bent near apex, distal part with thick, short setae; one associated median phallomere appendage present, beneath median phallomere, nearly S- shaped, acuminate at right distal part and quadrifurcated at left (Fig. 29). Right phallomere reduced, left lateral margin with 2 teeth near apex (Fig. 30). Material examined. Holotype ♂, China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Jinghong, 650m, 23 June 1957, coll. Meng Xuwu. Paratypes: 10 ♂, 1 ♀, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang, 850 m, 17 June 1957, coll. Wang Shuyong. Remarks. This species is similar to S. biclavata. It differs from that species as follows: 1) hind margin of supra-anal plate produced into two spine-like processes; in S. biclavata, middle of hind margin with one Wshaped incision, two posterior angles acuminate and with some long setae; 2) subgenital plate in dorsal view asymmetrical, lateral margins shallowly sinuate and upcurved near apex, right posterior corner distinctly concave; in S. biclavata, subgenital plate in dorsal view asymmetrical, irregularly trapezoid-like, middle of posterior margin distinctly convex. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin prefix “ quadri ” and the Latin word “ spinatus ”, referring to the apical margin of the supra-anal plate with 4 spines.Published as part of Wang, Zongqing & Che, Yanli, 2010, The genus Scalida Hebard (Blattaria: Blattellidae, Blattellinae) in China, pp. 37-46 in Zootaxa 2502 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2502.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/530219

Hemithyrsocera

Key to species of <i>Hemithyrsocera</i> from China <p>1. Disk of pronotum black brown, without markings............................................................2</p> <p>- Disk of pronotum with markings........................................................................10</p> <p> 2. Cu vein of hind wing with 3 complete branches...................................................... <i>H. limbata</i></p> <p>- Cu vein of hind wing with 0–2 complete branches............................................................3</p> <p> 3. Supra-anal plate without intercercal processes............................................... <i>H. longiseta</i> <b>sp. nov.</b></p> <p>- Supra-anal plate with distinct intercercal processes...........................................................4</p> <p>4. Posterior border of pronotum black.......................................................................5</p> <p>- Posterior border of pronotum yellowish brown.............................................................. 6</p> <p> 5. Distal parts of intercercal processes smooth, without spines......................................... <i>H. marginalis</i></p> <p> - Distal parts of intercercal processes unsmooth with spines................................... <i>H. spinibarbis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b></p> <p> 6. Tegmina black with orange yellow radial field....................................................... <i>H. vittata</i></p> <p>- Tegmina unicolor, black or yellowish brown................................................................7</p> <p> 7. Anterior border of pronotum yellowish brown...................................................... <i>H. bifurcata</i></p> <p>- Anterior border of pronotum blackish brown................................................................8</p> <p>8. Posterolateral corners of subgenital plate produced into process.................................................9</p> <p> - Posterolateral corners of subgenital plate not produced into process................................. <i>H. multicuspidata</i></p> <p> 9. Right lateral side of subgenital plate fingerlike, whose base with small processes............................ <i>H. fulmeki</i></p> <p> - Right lateral side of subgenital plate fanlike, whose base with fingerlike process............................ <i>H. palliata</i></p> <p> 10. Seventh tergite without lateral processes.......................................................... <i>H. macifera</i></p> <p>- Seventh tergite with lateral processes..................................................................... 11</p> <p> 11. L2vm with base rounded....................................................................... <i>H. simulans</i></p> <p>- L2vm with base tapering...............................................................................12</p> <p> 12. Hind margin of supra-anal plate conical, with spines near apical part........................ <i>H. banvaneuensis</i> rec. nov.</p> <p> - Hind margin of supra-anal plate transverse, without spines near apical part........................ <i>H. forcipata</i> <b>sp. nov.</b></p>Published as part of <i>Wang, Zongqing & Che, Yanli, 2017, Three new species of cockroach genus Hemithyrsocera Saussure, 1893 (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Blattellinae) with redescriptions of two known species from China, pp. 543-556 in Zootaxa 4263 (3)</i> on pages 544-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4263.3.6, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/573667">http://zenodo.org/record/573667</a&gt