Hemisynthesis and Absolute Configuration of novel 6-pentyl-2H-pyran- 2-one derivatives from Trichoderma spp

A comparative study of the secondary metabolism of two Trichoderma spp. with that of the Thctf1 transcription factor gene null mutant of Trichoderma harzianum 34 was carried out in order to deepen our knowledge of the biosynthetic pathway and mode of action of 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (1) and its derivatives as biocontrol agents. New isolated metabolites have shed light on the detoxification mechanism of 6-pentyl-pyranone by Trichoderma spp. All new compounds were synthesized and their stereoisomer characterized. The absolute configuration of 6-[(10R,20S)-dihydroxypentyl]-2H-pyran-2-one and 6-((10S,20R)-20-propyloxiran-1-yl)-2H-pyran-2-one was determined by NMR analysis of the corresponding Mosher’s esters

Development of Sorghum Genotypes for Improved Yield and Resistance to Grain Mold Using Population Breeding Approach

The infection caused by grain mold in rainy season grown sorghum deteriorates the physical and chemical quality of the grain, which causes a reduction in grain size, blackening, and making them unfit for human consumption. Therefore, the breeding for grain mold resistance has become a necessity. Pedigree breeding has been widely used across the globe to tackle the problem of grain mold. In the present study, a population breeding approach was employed to develop genotypes resistant to grain mold. The complex genotype × environment interactions (GEIs) make the task of identifying stable grain mold-resistant lines with good grain yield (GY) challenging. In this study, the performance of the 33 population breeding derivatives selected from the four-location evaluation of 150 genotypes in 2017 was in turn evaluated over four locations during the rainy season of 2018. The Genotype plus genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis was used to analyze a significant GEI observed for GY, grain mold resistance, and all other associated traits. For GY, the location explained a higher proportion of variation (51.7%) while genotype (G) × location (L) contributed to 21.9% and the genotype contributed to 11.2% of the total variation. For grain mold resistance, G × L contributed to a higher proportion of variation (30.7%). A graphical biplot approach helped in identifying promising genotypes for GY and grain mold resistance. Among the test locations, Dharwad was an ideal location for both GY and grain mold resistance. The test locations were partitioned into three clusters for GY and two clusters for grain mold resistance through a “which-won-where” study. Best genotypes in each of these clusters were selected. The breeding for a specific cluster is suggested. Genotype-bytrait biplots indicated that GY is influenced by flowering time, 100-grain weight (HGW), and plant height (PH), whereas grain mold resistance is influenced by glume coverage and PH. Because GY and grain mold score were independent of each other, there is a scope to improve both yield and resistance together

Visual outcomes and safety profile of intraocular lens implantation versus aphakia in children with microspherophakia with no subluxation

Objective To study the visual, refractive and surgical outcomes of intraocular lens (IOL) implantation versus aphakia in children with microspherophakia.Design Retrospective, comparative, non-randomised interventional study.Methods All consecutive children with microspherophakia who satisfied the inclusion criteria were included. The eyes that underwent in-the-bag IOL implantation and those that were left aphakic were included in groups A and B, respectively. The postoperative visual outcomes, IOL stability and complications during the follow-up period were studied.Results 22 eyes (13 patients, male 76%), of which 12 eyes were in group A and 10 eyes in group B. The mean±SE of age at surgery was 9.4±1.4 and 7.3±0.9 years in group A and group B, respectively (p value 0.18). The mean follow-up of group A was 0.9±0.4 years (median 0.5 years; Q1 0.04, Q3 2.16) and group B was 1.3±0.9 years (median 0.147 years; Q1 0.08, Q3 0.39) (p value 0.76). All the baseline biometric variables including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were comparable in each group. The final BCVA in logMAR adjusted for follow-up was comparable in both group A (0.29±0.06) and group B (0.52±0.09) (p value 0.06). Mean predictive error of IOL power in microspherophakia was 0.17±0.43.The most common complication in group A was visual axis opacification of two eyes (16.7%, 95% CI 2.9% to 49.1%), of which one eye (8.3%, 95% CI 0.4% to 40.2%) needed membranectomy. Vitreous in anterior chamber was the most common complication in group B, seen in two eyes (20%, 95% CI 3.5% to 55.8%), of which one eye (10%, 95% CI 0.5% to 45.9%) underwent YAG laser vitreolysis. The survival analysis (p value 0.18) was comparable in each group.Conclusion In-the-bag IOL is an option, which can be considered in selected cases of microspherophakia in developing nations where regular follow-up and economic constraints are a major concern

Aloe Vera and Infected Leg Ulcers

Background Infected leg ulcers are major health problems resulting in morbidity and disability and are usually chronic and refractory to antimicrobial treatment. Aims The present study is aimed at determining the bacteria involved in leg ulcers and their resistance patterns to commonly used antibiotics as well as to determine whether Aloe Vera has antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant organisms and promotes wound healing. Method A total of 30 cases with leg ulcers infected with multi-drug resistant organisms were treated with topical aloe vera gel and 30 age and sex-matched controls were treated with topical antibiotics. Culture and sensitivity was done from the wounds on alternate days and the ulcer was clinically and microbiologically assessed after 10 days. The results were compiled and statistically analysed. Results Cultures of the study group who were using aloe vera dressings showed no growth by the fifth day in 10 (33.3%) cases, seventh day in another 16 (53.3%) and ninth day in two of the remaining four cases (6.7%) while in two (6.7%) cases there was no decrease in the bacterial count. This means that of the 30 cases, 28 showed no growth by the end of 11 days while two cases showed no decrease in bacterial count. Growth of bacteria in study group is decreased from 100% (30 cases) to 6.7% (2 cases) by day 11 with

Different strokes for anterior capsulorhexis in pediatric cataract

Background: A successful outcome in pediatric cataract surgery is determined by an intact, curvilinear anterior capsulotomy which is dependent on the type and density of cataract, the morphology of the anterior capsule, and associated anterior segment pathologies. Purpose: This video highlights 10 different techniques which can be used for capsulorhexis in pediatric cataract. Synopsis: The choice of technique for capsulorhexis in pediatric cataract is on case basis, namely the gold standard manual capsulotomy aided by rhexis forceps (1. Standard capsulorhexis/2. Vitrector, Vitrectorhexis), with an assistance from capsular staining (3. Blue-rhexis), or by coaxial illumination (4. Coaxial-rhexis) or by just the sheen of capsule (5. Sheen-rhexis). The anterior chamber can be maintained using ophthalmic visco-elastic device (Visco-rhexis) or by irrigation fluid (6. Hydro-rhexis). A speed-breaker in the routine capsulotomy is the presence of plaque which is managed by rhexis forceps (7. Plaque-rhexis) or by a vitrector (vitrectorhexis) or a pair of micro-scissors (8. Scissor rhexis). Above all, the technology of femto-second-laser-assisted (9. Femto-rhexis) and zepto-pulse-precision capsulotomy (10. Zepto-rhexis) is also illustrated. Highlights: This video highlights the 10 different techniques of capsulorhexis in pediatric cataract surgery. Video Link: https://youtu.be/TgDrk5RYdb

Myelin-oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Associated Demyelinating Optic Neuritis in Adults: Clinical, Demographic Characteristics, and Outcomes

To describe the demographic, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of adult patients presenting with optic neuritis in setting of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) associated demyelination (MOGAD)

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Not AvailableComparing the performance of sorghum genotypes for charcoal rot resistance in a multilocation trial becomes difficult due to non-uniform disease reactions over locations obtained by applying mean number of nodes cross (MNC) scale. This study analyzed the relationship between disease incidence and severity and developed a disease rating index for use in the multilocation trial. The incidence-severity relationship for the disease was studied based on multilocation and multiyear data sets obtained from the all India coordinated research programme on sorghum. The incidence, severity and relationship between them varied depending on the crop growing environments (year, locations) suggesting that it would be inappropriate to consider incidence in place of severity and vice versa for the measurement of the disease. The reasons for the inconsistent I-S relationship were attributed to the environmental and pathogenic variations across the locations and years. Five charcoal rot rating indices (CRI 1 to CRI 5) were developed combining incidence and severity in different proportions to average out these effects. Suitability of the indices for comparing the performance of sorghum genotypes in the multilocation trials was tested using genotype + genotype-environment (GGE) biplot analysis. CRI 2 that combined incidence and severity in the 40:60 proportions was found to be the most stable index in terms of performance across the locations. CRI 2 rated the charcoal rot reactions of the sorghum genotypes with greater accuracy and reliability (R2 = 0.341, p = 0.001) compared to the existing MNC scale (R2 = 0.001, p = 0.965) in replicated field trials. The index (CRI 2) will help identify disease reactions among sorghum genotypes with greater consistency in multilocation trials.Not Availabl