Følelser og sociale bånd i Akademia

Charlotte Bloch: Emotions and Social Bonds in Academia The purpose of this article is to expand our understanding of social relations in academia by examining the role that the emotional dimensions of these social relations play in academic life. It is based on the results of an interview study of emotions and emotional culture among people in various scholarly positions in academia. The article makes analytical distinctions between the structural conditions of emotions, the emotional culture of academia, lived or felt emotions and the management of emotions. And it identifies different ways of managing the emotions of uncertainty, shame, anger, pride and laughter. These feelings emerge from the structural conditions of the social relations in academic life, and the tacit rules of feeling in academic life define how these feelings are managed. Life in academia presupposes a certain amount of feeling labour and management of feelings. Thomas Scheff’s theory about emotions and social bonds is employed to identify what this management of feelings means for social relations in academia. Bonds in academia are stable and fluctuate between solidarity, isolation and engulfment, but primarily the last two. Loneliness, group conformity, absence of real cooperation, and weakening of individual and collective creativity are some of the consequences of this kind of social bond

FLOWOPLEVELSER-FÆNOMENOLOGI OG TEORETISK REFLEKTION

Flow er betegnelse for en bestemt form for oplevelse, karakteriseret ved sammensmeltning mellem aktivitet, selv og omverden samt en oplevelse af ubesværethed og flydenhed. l artiklen præsenteres en empirisk undersøgelse og en fænomenologisk analyse af denne form for oplevelse. Den fænomenologiske analyse gav ophav til en differentiering mellem oplevelser af lykke, oplevelser af en god dag og oplevelser af flow. Endvidere gav den fænomenologiske analyse af flowoplevelserne ophav til en skelnen mellem tre forskellige fænomenologiske strukturer; benævnt enhed/helhed, præstation og andre meningsuniverser. Konkrete flowoplevelser karakteriseres efterfølgende udfra forskellige kombinationer af disse strukturer. Resultaterne diskuteres i forhold til Csikszentmihalyi flowteori, Bollnows teori om positive stemninger og Asplunds teori om social responsivitet. Der argumenteres for at Csikszentmihalyi teori korresponderer til den fænomenologiske struktur præstation og Bollnows teori korresponderer til de fænomenologiske strukturer enhed/helhed og andre meningsuniverser. Afslutningsvis peges på Asplunds teori som en mulig teoretisk ramme for det fænomenologisk set differentierede flowbegreb, som undersøgelsen har givet ophav til.The term flow refers to a particular type of experience characterized by feelings of fusion with an on-going activity, effortlessness and fluidity. This article concerns the results of an empirical investigation and phenomenological analysis of this type of experience. The analysis yields a dislinetion between three types: The experience of happiness, the experience of a good day, and the experience of flow. Furthermore the analysis of flow experiences yields a distinction between three phenomenological structures, termed unity/totality, achievement and other spheres of meaning, identified as arising in different combinations within concrete experiences of flow. These results are discussed in relation to Csikszentmihalyi's theory of flow, Bollnow's theory of moods and Asplund's theory of social responsivity. lt is argued that Csikszentmihalyis concept of flow has a certain affinity to the phenomenological structure termed achievement and that Bollnows concept of ecstasy seem to have a certain affinity to the phenomenological structures termed unity/totality and other spheres of meaning. Asplunds theory of social responsivity is proposedas a possible theoretical frame in regard to all the three phenomenological structures identified in the present analysis of flow experiences

Kroppens stemthed - en undersøgelse af stress i hverdagslivet

The body’s inflextion: a study of stress in everyday life Stress is a common term in our langu¬a¬ge of everyday life. This article discus¬ses the results of an empirical investiga¬tion of stress experiences in everyday life. Data were collected by means of interviews with 36 employees of a public organization. The analysis of the data was conducted in two phases: a pheno¬menological analysis of the qualitative dimensions of stress and an analysis of social and cultural aspects structuring these stress experiences. The results presented here concern the first phase whereas the second phase only is indi¬cated by an example. The phenomeno¬logical analysis yielded a distinction be¬tween three phenomenological struc¬tures, metaphorically termed, ‘fight’, ‘blocking’ and ‘boiling over’. These re¬sults are discussed in relation to such phenomenological concepts as intentio¬nality, time, subjectivity and moods. The analysis of the social and cultural aspects structuring the experiences of stress illustrates that actor’s interpreta¬tion of stress experiences is structured by the dominant discourse of stress, but resistance towards this discourse is found. In conclusion, the results of the two analytical approaches are latched together: the results of the phenomeno¬logical analysis suggest a base for the construction of a new discourse of stress in everyday life; the results of the soci¬al and cultural analysis suggest that ac¬tors might be receptive for other dis¬courses than the available discourses of stress.These results taken together urge us to develop new discourses of stress in everyday life

The Impact of Breathing Hypoxic Gas and Oxygen on Pulmonary Hemodynamics in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension

BackgroundPure oxygen breathing (hyperoxia) may improve hemodynamics in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) and allows to calculate right-to-left shunt fraction (Qs/Qt), whereas breathing normobaric hypoxia may accelerate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). This study investigates how hyperoxia and hypoxia affect mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in patients with PH and whether Qs/Qt influences the changes of mPAP and PVR.Study Design and MethodsAdults with pulmonary arterial or chronic thromboembolic PH (PAH/CTEPH) underwent repetitive hemodynamic and blood gas measurements during right heart catheterization (RHC) under normoxia [fractions of inspiratory oxygen (FiO$_{2}$) 0.21], hypoxia (FiO$_{2}$ 0.15), and hyperoxia (FiO$_{2}$ 1.0) for at least 10 min.ResultsWe included 149 patients (79/70 PAH/CTEPH, 59% women, mean ± SD 60 ± 17 years). Multivariable regressions (mean change, CI) showed that hypoxia did not affect mPAP and cardiac index, but increased PVR [0.4 (0.1–0.7) WU, p = 0.021] due to decreased pulmonary artery wedge pressure [−0.54 (−0.92 to −0.162), p = 0.005]. Hyperoxia significantly decreased mPAP [−4.4 (−5.5 to −3.3) mmHg, p < 0.001] and PVR [−0.4 (−0.7 to −0.1) WU, p = 0.006] compared with normoxia. The Qs/Qt (14 ± 6%) was >10 in 75% of subjects but changes of mPAP and PVR under hyperoxia and hypoxia were independent of Qs/Qt.ConclusionAcute exposure to hypoxia did not relevantly alter pulmonary hemodynamics indicating a blunted HPV-response in PH. In contrast, hyperoxia remarkably reduced mPAP and PVR, indicating a preserved vasodilator response to oxygen and possibly supporting the oxygen therapy in patients with PH. A high proportion of patients with PH showed increased Qs/Qt, which, however, was not associated with changes in pulmonary hemodynamics in response to changes in FiO$_{2}$

Influence of Upright Versus Supine Position on Resting and Exercise Hemodynamics in Patients Assessed for Pulmonary Hypertension

Background The aim of the present work was to study the influence of body position on resting and exercise pulmonary hemodynamics in patients assessed for pulmonary hypertension (PH). Methods and Results Data from 483 patients with suspected PH undergoing right heart catheterization for clinical indications (62% women, age 61±15 years, 246 precapillary PH, 48 postcapillary PH, 106 exercise PH, 83 no PH) were analyzed; 213 patients (main cohort, years 2016-2018) were examined at rest in upright (45°) and supine position, such as under upright exercise. Upright exercise hemodynamics were compared with 270 patients (historical cohort) undergoing supine exercise with the same protocol. Upright versus supine resting data revealed a lower mean pulmonary artery pressure 31±14 versus 32±13 mm Hg, pulmonary artery wedge pressure 11±4 versus 12±5 mm Hg, and cardiac index 2.9±0.7 versus 3.1±0.8 L/min per m2, and higher pulmonary vascular resistance 4.1±3.1 versus 3.9±2.8 Wood P<0.001. Exercise data upright versus supine revealed higher work rates (53±26 versus 33±22 watt), and adjusting for differences in work rate and baseline values, higher end-exercise mean pulmonary artery pressure (52±19 versus 45±16 mm Hg, P=0.001), similar pulmonary artery wedge pressure and cardiac index, higher pulmonary vascular resistance (5.4±3.7 versus 4.5±3.4 Wood units, P=0.002), and higher mean pulmonary artery pressure/cardiac output (7.9±4.7 versus 7.1±4.1 Wood units, P=0.001). Conclusions Body position significantly affects resting and exercise pulmonary hemodynamics with a higher pulmonary vascular resistance of about 10% in upright versus supine position at rest and end-exercise, and should be considered and reported when assessing PH. Keywords: body position; exercise; hemodynamic; pulmonary hypertension; right heart catheterization

Cardiorespiratory Adaptation to Short-Term Exposure to Altitude vs. Normobaric Hypoxia in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension

Prediction of adverse health effects at altitude or during air travel is relevant, particularly in pre-existing cardiopulmonary disease such as pulmonary arterial or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (PAH/CTEPH, PH). A total of 21 stable PH-patients (64 ± 15 y, 10 female, 12/9 PAH/CTEPH) were examined by pulse oximetry, arterial blood gas analysis and echocardiography during exposure to normobaric hypoxia (NH) (FiO2 15% ≈ 2500 m simulated altitude, data partly published) at low altitude and, on a separate day, at hypobaric hypoxia (HH, 2500 m) within 20–30 min after arrival. We compared changes in blood oxygenation and estimated pulmonary artery pressure in lowlanders with PH during high altitude simulation testing (HAST, NH) with changes in response to HH. During NH, 4/21 desaturated to SpO2 30 min), of which two were HAST-negative. During HH vs. NH, patients had a (mean ± SE) significantly lower PaCO2 4.4 ± 0.1 vs. 4.9 ± 0.1 kPa, mean difference (95% CI) −0.5 kPa (−0.7 to −0.3), PaO2 6.7 ± 0.2 vs. 8.1 ± 0.2 kPa, −1.3 kPa (−1.9 to −0.8) and higher tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient 55 ± 4 vs. 45 ± 4 mmHg, 10 mmHg (3 to 17), all p < 0.05. No serious adverse events occurred. In patients with PH, short-term exposure to altitude of 2500 m induced more pronounced hypoxemia, hypocapnia and pulmonary hemodynamic changes compared to NH during HAST despite similar exposure times and PiO2. Therefore, the use of HAST to predict physiological changes at altitude remains questionable. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03592927 and NCT03637153)