Voting and Nonlinear Taxes in a Stylized Representative Democracy

We derive median-voter results and study the shape of redistributional taxes when voters elect a candidate who imposes taxes to maximize own utility. Under general conditions, a median-productivity candidate is a Condorcet winner. The imposed tax function is nonlinear, may place high marginal rates on very low incomes, and may have an interval of negative marginal rates below the income of the winning candidate. Marginal rates are positive throughout, however, if non-redistributional spending or altruism toward the poor are great enough.

Dynamic Model for LES Without Test Filtering: Quantifying the Accuracy of Taylor Series Approximations

The dynamic model for large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flows requires test filtering the resolved velocity fields in order to determine model coefficients. However, test filtering is costly to perform in large-eddy simulation of complex geometry flows, especially on unstructured grids. The objective of this work is to develop and test an approximate but less costly dynamic procedure which does not require test filtering. The proposed method is based on Taylor series expansions of the resolved velocity fields. Accuracy is governed by the derivative schemes used in the calculation and the number of terms considered in the approximation to the test filtering operator. The expansion is developed up to fourth order, and results are tested a priori based on direct numerical simulation data of forced isotropic turbulence in the context of the dynamic Smagorinsky model. The tests compare the dynamic Smagorinsky coefficient obtained from filtering with those obtained from application of the Taylor series expansion. They show that the expansion up to second order provides a reasonable approximation to the true dynamic coefficient (with errors on the order of about 5 % for c_s^2), but that including higher-order terms does not necessarily lead to improvements in the results due to inherent limitations in accurately evaluating high-order derivatives. A posteriori tests using the Taylor series approximation in LES of forced isotropic turbulence and channel flow confirm that the Taylor series approximation yields accurate results for the dynamic coefficient. Moreover, the simulations are stable and yield accurate resolved velocity statistics.Comment: submitted to Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, 20 pages, 11 figure

Heat budget observations for the FIRE/SRB Wisconsin experiment region from October 9 through November 2, 1986

A map and concise tables are presented which show locations, pixel size, and heat budget products from the NOAA-9 satellite for the FIRE/SRB Wisconsin experiment region during the period 9 October through 2 November 1986. In addition to the operational standard products, a narrowband albedo parameter is calculated and presented based on values from AVHRR band 1. This parameter is useful in identifying and/or quantifying clouds on a global basis using a polar-stereographic grid system

Our judges\u27 credentials: development of journalism education and training in Australia to 1987

This thesis traces the history of journalism education and training in Australia until 1987. The focus is on the period from the formation of the Australian Journalists\u27 Association (AJA) in 1910, to the start in 1987 of the transformation of Colleges of Advanced Education (CABs) into universities. However, significant moments in the development of journalism education and training prior to 1910 are also included, such as the first journalism lecture at Leipzig University in 1672. Also, developments in three other English-speaking countries -- America, Britain, and New Zealand -- are traced up to 1987 for comparison with the Australian experience. It is risky to describe anything as \u27unique\u27, yet it appears that Australia has developed a form of journalism training and education that is unique. It would be convenient to describe what happens in Australia as an unique \u27system\u27, but this would be inaccurate. One of the differences between Australia and most other developed nations is that by 1987 it has no uniform system. For instance, on-the-job training schemes are now rare and approaching extinction. Where they do exist they tend to lack structure and are far from comprehensive. Tertiary education institutions are taking responsibility for journalism training as well as journalism education. But the differences among the courses offered by 11 institutions in 1987 are so significant that as well as there being no uniform on-the-job training \u27system\u27 there is no typical journalism education \u27system\u27 in Australia. The fundamental cause of this shambolic state is that the initiator of most of both the on-the-job training schemes and the journalism education courses has been a trade union, the Australian Journalists\u27 Association (AJA). This organisation\u27s industrial priorities have often been in conflict with some of the processes necessary to realise the aspirations of many of its members for journalism to be a profession. Furthermore, although most journalists are members of the AJA, the union is too IV small to be able to monitor even the metropolitan-based training and education schemes. Hence, employers and tertiary institutions have been able to follow their own goals, which more often than not are very different from each other, and seldom coincide with those of the AJA

Our duty as a nation towards the children

In conclusion particular attention will have to be given to the following: 1. Otorrhoea • . 2. Granular I/ids and all purulent discharges from the eyes. • 3. Tuberculosis. • 4. Enlarged Tonsils and Adenoids. • 5. Skin Diseases. Ringworm. Eavus. Impetigo Contagiosa. Scabies. &c. • 6. Vermin & Eilth on the body and clothing, also bad smelling breath & Bromidrosis. • 7. Compulsory Notification of Measles, Mumps & Whooping cough. • 8. Provision of School Nurses. • 9. Cleansing of Schools & their Disinfection by means of a spray. • 10. School Fittings. • 11. Postures. (Physical Exercises) • 12. First & Second aid to the injured, etc. • 13. Measurements:- Height, Weight & Chest. • 14. School Closure & Holidays

Mechanical factors affecting the estimation of tibialis anterior force using an EMG-driven modelling approach

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel UniversityThe tibialis anterior (TA) muscle plays a vital role in human movement such as walking and running. Overuse of TA during these movements leads to an increased susceptibility of injuries e.g. chronic exertional compartment syndrome. TA activation has been shown to be affected by increases in exercise, age, and the external environment (i.e. incline and footwear). Because activation parameters of TA change with condition, it leads to the interpretation that force changes occur too. However,activation is only an approximate indicator of force output of a muscle. Therefore, the overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the parameters affecting accurate measure of TA force, leading to development of a subject-specific EMG-driven model, which takes into consideration specific methodological issues. The first study investigated the reasons why the tendon excursion and geometric method differ so vastly in terms of estimation of TA moment arm. Tendon length changes during the tendon excursion method, and location of the TA line of action and irregularities between talus and foot rotations during the geometric method, were found to affect the accuracy of TA moment arm measurement. A novel, more valid, method was proposed. The second study investigated the errors associated with methods used to account for plantar flexor antagonist co-contraction. A new approach was presented and shown to be, at worse, equivalent to current methods, but allows for accounting throughout the complete range of motion. The final study utilised the outputs from studies one and two to directly measure TA force in vivo. This was used to develop, and validate, an EMG-driven TA force model. Less error was found in the accuracy of estimating TA force when the contractile component length changes were modelled using the ankle, as opposed to the muscle. Overall, these findings increase our understanding of not only the mechanics associated with TA and the ankle, but also improves our ability to accurately monitor these.Headley Court Trust and the Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre