3D electronics for hybrid pixel detectors – TWEPP-09

Future hybrid pixel detectors are asking for smaller pixels in order to improve spatial resolution and to deal with an increasing counting rate. Facing these requirements is foreseen to be done by microelectronics technology shrinking. However, this straightforward approach presents some disadvantages in term of performances and cost. New 3D technologies offer an alternative way with the advantage of technology mixing. For the upgrade of ATLAS pixel detector, a 3D conception of the read-out chip appeared as an interesting solution. Splitting the pixel functionalities into two separate levels will reduce pixel size and open the opportunity to take benefit of technology's mixing. Based on a previous prototype of the read-out chip FE-I4 (IBM 130nm), this paper presents the design of a hybrid pixel read-out chip using threedimensional Tezzaron-Chartered technology. In order to disentangle effects due to Chartered 130nm technology from effects involved by 3D architecture, a first translation of FEI4 prototype had been designed at the beginning of this year in Chartered 2D technology, and first test results will be presented in the last part of this paper

Author correction : a global database for metacommunity ecology, integrating species, traits, environment and space

Correction to: Scientific Data https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0344-7, published online 08 January 202

Author correction : a global database for metacommunity ecology, integrating species, traits, environment and space

Correction to: Scientific Data https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0344-7, published online 08 January 202

Assessing the conservation value of waterbodies: the example of the Loire floodplain (France)

In recent decades, two of the main management tools used to stem biodiversity erosion have been biodiversity monitoring and the conservation of natural areas. However, socio-economic pressure means that it is not usually possible to preserve the entire landscape, and so the rational prioritisation of sites has become a crucial issue. In this context, and because floodplains are one of the most threatened ecosystems, we propose a statistical strategy for evaluating conservation value, and used it to prioritise 46 waterbodies in the Loire floodplain (France). We began by determining a synthetic conservation index of fish communities (Q) for each waterbody. This synthetic index includes a conservation status index, an origin index, a rarity index and a richness index. We divided the waterbodies into 6 clusters with distinct structures of the basic indices. One of these clusters, with high Q median value, indicated that 4 waterbodies are important for fish biodiversity conservation. Conversely, two clusters with low Q median values included 11 waterbodies where restoration is called for. The results picked out high connectivity levels and low abundance of aquatic vegetation as the two main environmental characteristics of waterbodies with high conservation value. In addition, assessing the biodiversity and conservation value of territories using our multi-index approach plus an a posteriori hierarchical classification methodology reveals two major interests: (i) a possible geographical extension and (ii) a multi-taxa adaptation

XPAD: A Photons Counting Pixel Detector for Material Sciences and Small Animal imaging

A paraître dans NIMInternational audienceExperiments on high flux and high brilliance 3rd generation synchrotron X-ray sources are now limited by detector performance. Photon counting hybrid pixel detectors are being investigated as a solution to improve the dynamic range and the readout speed of the available 2D detectors. The XPAD2 is a large surface hybrid pixel detector (68 x 65 mm$^2$) with a dynamic response which ranges from 0.01 photons/pixel/s up to 10$^6$ photons/pixel/s. High resolution data have been recorded using the XPAD2. The comparison with data measured using a conventional setup shows a gain on measurement duration by a factor 20 and on dynamic range. A new generation of pixel detector (XPAD3) is presently under development. For this, a new electronic chip (the XPAD3) has been designed to improve spatial resolution by using 130 $\mu$m pixels and detector efficiency by using CdTe sensors. XPAD2 is also operated with PIXSCAN, a CT-scanner for mice

Étude et réalisation d'une électronique rapide à bas bruit pour un détecteur de rayons X à pixels hybrides destiné à l'imagerie du petit animal

Since the invention of computerized tomography (CT), charge integration detector were widely employed for X-ray biomedical imaging applications. Nevertheless, other options exist. A new technology of direct detection using semiconductors has been developed for high energy physics instrumentation. This new technology, called hybrid pixel detector, works in photon counting mode and allows for selecting the minimum energy of the counted photons. The imXgam research team at CPPM develops the PIXSCAN demonstrator, a CT-scanner using the hybrid pixel detector XPAD. The aim of this project is to evaluate the improvement on image quality and on dose delivered during X-ray examinations of a small animal. After a first prototype of hybrid pixel detector XPAD1 proving the feasibility of the project, a complete imager XPAD2 was designed and integrated in the PIXSCAN demonstrator. Since then, with the evolution of microelectronic industry, important improvements are conceivable. To reducing the size of pixels and to improving the energy resolution of detectors, a third design XPAD3 was conceived and will be soon integrated in a second generation of PIXSCAN demonstrator. In this project, my thesis's work consisted in taking part to the design of the detector readout electronics, to the characterization of the chips and of the hybrid pixel detectors, and also to the definition of a autozeroing architecture for pixels.Depuis l'invention du scanner, les détecteurs à intégration de charges sont largement employés pour les applications d'imagerie biomédicale utilisant des rayons X. Néanmoins, des alternatives existent. Les développements réalisés en instrumentation pour les expériences en physique des hautes énergies ont permis l'émergence d'une nouvelle technologie de détection directe à base de semiconducteur. Cette nouvelle technologie, appelée détecteur à pixels hybrides, fonctionne en mode comptage de photons et permet de sélectionner l'énergie minimum des photons comptés. Le groupe imXgam du CPPM développe le démonstrateur PIXSCAN, un tomodensitomètre à rayons X basé sur le détecteur à pixels hybrides XPAD. L'objectif de ce développement est d'évaluer l'impact de la technologie à pixels hybrides sur la qualité des images et sur la dose délivrée lors d'examens tomodensitométriques du petit animal. Suite à un premier prototype de détecteur à pixels hybrides XPAD1 démontrant la faisabilité du projet, un imageur complet XPAD2 a été conçu et intégré dans le démonstrateur PIXSCAN. Depuis, avec l'évolution de l'industrie de la microélectronique, des améliorations notables ont été envisageables. Pour réduire la taille des pixels et améliorer la précision en énergie des détecteurs, une troisième version XPAD3 a été développée et sera prochainement intégrée dans un démonstrateur PIXSCAN de deuxième génération. Dans ce projet, mon travail de thèse a porté sur une participation à la conception des électroniques de lecture des détecteurs, la caractérisation des circuits et des détecteurs à pixels hybrides ainsi que sur la définition d'une architecture d'autocalibration des pixels en énergie

XPAD3: A new photon counting chip for X-ray CT-scanner

International audienceThe X-ray pixel chip with adaptable dynamics (XPAD3) circuit is the next generation of 2D X-ray photon counting imaging chip to be connected to a pixel sensor using the bump and flip-chip technologies. This circuit, designed in IBM 0.25 μm technology, contains 9600 pixels (130 μm×130 μm) distributed into 80 columns of 120 elements each. Its features have been improved to provide high-counting rate over $10^9$ ph/pixel/mm$^2$, high-dynamic range over 60 keV, very low-noise detection level of 100e− rms, energy window selection and fast image readout less than 2 ms/frame. An innovative architecture has been designed in order to prevent the digital circuits from bothering the very sensitive analogue parts placed in their neighbourhood. This allows to read the chip during acquisition while conserving the precise setting of the thresholds over the pixel array. Finally, the aim of this development is to combine several XPAD3 to form the PIXSCAN detector

Durées de vie des niveaux n 1S0 et n 1D2 du cadmium

The lifetimes of the n 1S0 (n = 6-12) and n 1D2 (n = 5-13 except n = 7, 8, 12) have been optically measured by means of time resolved spectroscopy laser technic. The observed singularities indicate that these series are strongly perturbed.Grâce à une technique de spectroscopie laser résolue dans le temps, nous avons pu mesurer les durées de vie des états n 1S 0 (n = 6-12) et n 1D2 (n = 5-13 à l'exception de n = 7, 8 et 12). Les singularités observées prouvent que ces séries sont fortement perturbées