Characteristics of Study Population.

<p>Testicular cancer cases diagnosed 1991–2003, and age-matched controls.</p

Adjusted Analysis.

<p>Results of the cluster analysis of testicular cancer in Denmark, adjusted for family history of testicular cancer, following the same format as used in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120285#pone.0120285.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p><p>Adjusted Analysis.</p

Applications of GPS-tracked personal and fixed-location PM_2.5 continuous exposure monitoring

<div><p></p><p>Continued development of personal air pollution monitors is rapidly improving government and research capabilities for data collection. In this study, we tested the feasibility of using GPS-enabled personal exposure monitors to collect personal exposure readings and short-term daily PM_2.5 measures at 15 fixed locations throughout a community. The goals were to determine the accuracy of fixed-location monitoring for approximating individual exposures compared to a centralized outdoor air pollution monitor, and to test the utility of two different personal monitors, the RTI MicroPEM V3.2 and TSI SidePak AM510. For personal samples, 24 hr mean PM_2.5 concentrations were 6.93 μg/m³ (stderr = 0.15) and 8.47 μg/m³ (stderr = 0.10) for the MicroPEM and SidePak, respectively. Based on time-activity patterns from participant journals, exposures were highest while participants were outdoors (MicroPEM= 7.61 µg/m³, stderr = 1.08, SidePak = 11.85 µg/m³, stderr = 0.83) or in restaurants (MicroPEM= 7.48 µg/m³, stderr = 0.39, SidePak = 24.93 µg/m³, stderr = 0.82), and lowest when participants were exercising indoors (MicroPEM= 4.78 µg/m³, stderr = 0.23, SidePak = 5.63 µg/m³, stderr = 0.08). Mean PM_2.5 at the 15 fixed locations, as measured by the SidePak, ranged from 4.71 µg/m³ (stderr = 0.23) to 12.38 µg/m³ (stderr = 0.45). By comparison, mean 24 hr PM_2.5 measured at the centralized outdoor monitor ranged from 2.7 – 6.7 µg/m³ during the study period. The range of average PM_2.5 exposure levels estimated for each participant using the interpolated fixed-location data was 2.83 to 19.26 µg/m³ (mean = 8.3, stderr = 1.4). These estimated levels were compared with average exposure from personal samples. The fixed-location monitoring strategy was useful in identifying high air pollution microclimates throughout the county. For seven of ten subjects, the fixed-location monitoring strategy more closely approximated individuals’ 24 hr breathing zone exposures than did the centralized outdoor monitor.</p></div

Designated commuting route for all forms of transportation and location of the stationary monitor.

<p>Designated commuting route for all forms of transportation and location of the stationary monitor.</p

Mean ratios of PM_2.5 between personal and stationary monitor values by commuting type.

<p>Bars represent standard errors.</p

Mean ratios of PM_2.5 between personal and stationary monitor values by commuting type and time of day.

<p>Bars represent standard errors.</p

Descriptive statistics of breathing zone/background PM_2.5 ratios by mode of commuting.

<p>Descriptive statistics of breathing zone/background PM_2.5 ratios by mode of commuting.</p

Seasonal Timing of Infant Bronchiolitis, Apnea and Sudden Unexplained Infant Death

<div><p>Rates of Sudden Unexplained Infant Death (SUID), bronchiolitis, and central apnea increase in winter in temperate climates. Though associations between these three conditions are suggested, more work is required to establish if there is a causal pathway linking bronchiolitis to SUID through inducing central apnea. Utilizing a large population-based cohort of infants studied over a 20-year period (n = 834,595, from birth years 1989–2009)), we analyzed ecological associations between timing of SUID cases, bronchiolitis, and apnea healthcare visits. Data were analyzed between 2013 and 2015. We used a Cox Proportional Hazards model to analyze possible interactions between maternal smoking and maternal asthma with infant bronchiolitis on time to SUID. SUID and bronchiolitis both occurred more frequently in winter. An increase in bronchiolitis clinical visits occurred within a few days prior to apnea visits. We found a temporal relationship between infant bronchiolitis and apnea. In contrast, no peak in SUID cases was seen during peaks of bronchiolitis. Among those without any bronchiolitis visits, maternal smoking was associated with an increased risk of SUID: Hazard Ratio (HR) of 2.38 (95% CI: 2.11, 2.67, p-value <0.001). Maternal asthma was associated with an increased risk of SUID among infants with at least one bronchiolitis visit: HR of 2.40 (95% CI: 1.04, 5.54, p-value = 0.04). Consistent trends between bronchiolitis, apnea, and SUID were not established due to small numbers of SUID cases. However, interaction analysis revealed potential differential associations of bronchiolitis and SUID by maternal smoking, maternal asthma status.</p></div

Annualized rates of apnea or SUID by bronchiolitis or apnea visit status.

<p>Annualized rates of apnea or SUID by bronchiolitis or apnea visit status.</p

Maternal and Infant Characteristics by Sudden Unexplained Infant Death Status.

<p>Maternal and Infant Characteristics by Sudden Unexplained Infant Death Status.</p