Characterization of noise on PDN and electromagnetic shielding

Modern FPGA and microprocessor have complex logic inside them, which draw current from the Power Distribution Network (PDN). This current drawn from the PDN creates disturbance on the PDN, which then propagates to other IC in different places on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB), and appears as a noise voltage. Ability to predict noise voltage at any point on the PCB gives a greater ability to carefully design the board and the PDN. In order to accurately predict the noise, it is important to accurately predict the current drawn and the transfer impedance from the source to the victim point. A methodology is presented herein to accurately predict noise at any point on the PCB for any given logic running inside the FPGA. The second problem in this work is the study of composite absorbing and reflecting shielding materials capable of providing shielding to electronic equipment --Abstract, page iii

Terahertz Detectors (THzDs): Bridging the Gap for Energy Harvesting

It is indispensable to integrate electronics with environment for better lives. Huge amount of solar energy, dark energy, and unused microwave energy is untapped till now due to insufficient availability of high frequency THz detectors. The difference between THz wave detection and THz electric field detection must be clear. THz wave detection connects the detection of explosives, drugs, astronomy, metals, and imaging applications, etc. On the other hand, THz electric field detection involves the conversion of electromagnetic (EM) radiations to usable DC power. The optimum choice of detectors for energy harvesting is a highly diverse area. The latter part is concentrated on the nonlinear behavior of the incoming radiations and has been highlighted also. In this chapter, metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) diode detectors have been explored to become a best choice for high frequency detectors

Effect of Sintering Temperature on Structural and PiezoelectricProperties of PNN-PZT Ceramics

Sintering temperatures affect the structural and piezoelectric properties of PbNi1/3Nb2/3-PbZrO3-PbTiO3 system considerably; therefore the effect has been studied on mechano-chemicallyprocessed powder. This process involves activating mixed oxides of PbO, NiO, Nb2O5, ZrO2 andTiO2, and in the present study, calcination steps at an intermediate temperatures were skippedwhich are usually required in conventional solid state reaction methods and chemical routes.Single-phase formation was confirmed from XRD patterns which shows rhombohedral structureat higher sintering temperature. Investigations of the microstructure indicate almost linear increasein grain size from 0.98 m to 2.56  m when the sintering temperature was varied from 1050 oC to1150 °C. A high value of planar coupling factor (kp) = 67 per cent and piezoelectric charge coefficient(d 33 ~ 750 pm/V; (as determined from strain versus electric field curve at low field) were obtainedfor the ceramic specimens sintered at 1100 °C. The maximum strain was observed ~ 0.21 per centat 40 kV/cm applied field for the sample sintered at 1100 °C for 4 h

How Designers Use Design Principles: Design Behaviors and Application Modes

This paper investigates how information systems design professionals use design principles (extracted from a prior design science research project) in a new design situation. We do this by capturing think-aloud protocols from experienced design professionals who are given access to potentially useful design principles. Our analysis identifies two dimensions of use: design behaviors (what designers do) and application modes (how designers apply the principles). Mapping across the dimensions suggests two use pathways: forward chaining and backward chaining. Our study shows how empirically studying expert designers can shed light on the microprocesses of design principles in use, and how an empirical turn in the investigation can contribute to clarifying the fundamental nature of design principles. We conclude by highlighting the implications of these insights for crafting more useful design principles

A Survey of different classification techniques and their comparison using Mc Nemar’s Test

Five classification algorithms namely J48, Naive Bayes, K Nearest Neighbour, IBK and Decision Tree are evaluated using Mc Nemar’s test over datasets including both nominal attributes and numeric attributes. It was found that K Nearest Neighbor performed better than the other classification methods for both nominal datasets and numerical datasets. It was also observed that the results of this evaluation confers with two other evaluation metrics used for evaluating classification algorithms or machine learning algorithms, Root Mean Squared Error and Kappa statistic

J021659-044920: a relic giant radio galaxy at z ~ 1.3

We report the discovery of a relic Giant Radio Galaxy (GRG) J021659-044920 at redshift $z \sim 1.3$ that exhibits large-scale extended, nearly co-spatial, radio and X-ray emission from radio lobes, but no detection of Active Galactic Nuclei core, jets and hotspots. The total angular extent of the GRG at the observed frame 0.325 GHz, using Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope observations is found to be ${\sim}$ 2.4 arcmin, that corresponds to a total projected linear size of $\sim$ 1.2 Mpc. The integrated radio spectrum between 0.240 and 1.4 GHz shows high spectral curvature (${\alpha}_{\rm 0.610~GHz}^{\rm 1.4~GHz} - {\alpha}_{\rm 0.240~GHz}^{\rm 0.325~GHz}$ $>$ 1.19) with sharp steepening above 0.325 GHz, consistent with relic radio emission that is $\sim$ 8 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ yr old. The radio spectral index map between observed frame 0.325 and 1.4~GHz for the two lobes varies from 1.4 to 2.5 with the steepening trend from outer-end to inner-end, indicating backflow of plasma in the lobes. The extended X-ray emission characterized by an absorbed power-law with photon index $\sim$ 1.86 favours inverse-Compton scattering of the Cosmic Microwave Background (ICCMB) photons as the plausible origin. Using both X-ray and radio fluxes under the assumption of ICCMB we estimate the magnetic field in the lobes to be 3.3 $\mu$G. The magnetic field estimate based on energy equipartition is $\sim$ 3.5 $\mu$G. Our work presents a case study of a rare example of a GRG caught in dying phase in the distant Universe.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables. Published in MNRAS. Corrected typos and added a referenc

On the nature of infrared-faint radio sources in the SXDF and VLA-VVDS fields

Infrared-Faint Radio Sources (IFRSs) are an unusual class of objects that are relatively bright at radio wavelengths but have faint or undetected infrared counterparts even in deep surveys. We identify and investigate the nature of IFRSs using deep radio (S$_{\rm 1.4~GHz}$ $\sim$ 100 $\mu$Jy beam$^{-1}$ at 5$\sigma$), optical (m$_{\rm r}$ $\sim$ 26 - 27.7 at 5$\sigma$), and near-IR (S$_{\rm 3.6~{\mu}m}$ $\sim$ 1.3 - 2.0 $\mu$Jy beam$^{-1}$ at 5$\sigma$) data available in two deep fields namely the Subaru X-ray Deep Field (SXDF) and the Very Large Array - VIMOS VLT Deep Survey (VLA-VVDS) field. In 1.8 deg$^{2}$ of the two fields we identify a total of nine confirmed and ten candidate IFRSs. We find that our IFRSs are high-redshift radio-loud AGN, with 12/19 sources having redshift estimates in the range of $z$ $\sim$ 1.7 - 4.3, while a limit of $z$ $\geq$ 2.0 is placed for the remaining seven sources. Notably, our study finds, for the first time, IFRSs with measured redshift $>$ 3.0, and also, the redshift estimates for IFRSs in the faintest 3.6 $\mu$m flux regime i.e., S$_{\rm 3.6~{\mu}m}$ $<$ 1.3 ${\mu}$Jy. Radio observations show that our IFRSs exhibit both compact unresolved as well as extended double-lobe morphologies, and have predominantly steep radio spectra between 1.4 GHz and 325 MHz. The non-detection of all but one IFRSs in the X-ray band and the optical-to-MIR colour (m$_{\rm r}$ - m$_{\rm 24~{\mu}m}$) suggest that a significant fraction of IFRSs are likely to be hosted in dusty obscured galaxies.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in MNRA

Practicing Effective Stakeholder Engagement for Impactful Research

Author's accepted manuscript. © 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Scholars acknowledge that achieving societal impact should be a key aim of research. However, societal impact usually becomes tangible only long after research completion, so that scholars can hardly report its evidence in a research article, if it is to be published in a timely manner. Interventionist research methods that involve engagement with stakeholders to generate solutions for real-world problem situations can provide a path towards direct societal impact. We argue that achieving such impact requires effective engagement with careful attention to the timing of engagement and inclusiveness of stakeholders – drawing on examples from our own research projects. Our analyses suggest that the research team needs to make choices to structure engagement efforts across research phases spanning problem definition, solution design, and solution evaluation. These choices define a space of possibilities that a research team can navigate based on considerations of access, research setting, research approach, and researcher expertise. We map these to three specific interventionist research approaches: Action Research, Clinical Research, and Action Design Research to highlight the alternatives. The paper concludes by pointing out that interventionist approaches can create favorable conditions but require the judicious exercise of choices by the research team to generate outcomes with direct societal impact.acceptedVersio