Constructing and Multilateralizing the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership: An Asian Perspective

In May 2013 the ASEAN+6 countries began to negotiate the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The objective of this paper is to analyze the feasibility of constructing such a region-wide agreement and to examine ways to multilateralize it. The paper first reviews free trade agreement (FTA) developments, and discusses the characteristics and motives of FTAs in East Asia. It then analyzes the contents of major plurilateral FTAs in East Asia, that is ASEAN's five FTAs each with the People's Republic of China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, India, and Australia/New Zealand, which are considered as a base for a region-wide FTA. Finally, the paper examines the feasibility of the RCEP by consolidating the ASEAN+1 FTAs and discusses the possible ways to multilateralize the RCEP

Refrigerante biodegradable a base de orina de bovino

Car coolants are widely used in the internal combustion engine cooling system, they are an essential part of the optimum performance of a car. There are types of refrigerants with different main solutions, such as Methanol, Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol, any of these compounds have the same problem, being very toxic and polluting, not only if they are discharged to the ground or accidentally ingested by people or animals, but if the engine temperature exceeds the boiling point of the antifreeze, it will start to evaporate, also polluting the air. BioCima an alternative capable of complying with the quality, safety and function of other commercial refrigerants, but with a great benefit, not affecting the health of living beings or the environment (FAO, 2002). BioCima is a biodegradable refrigerant, which is composed of two substances, the first is bovine urine, which is given a new use as it is a waste from cattle, but containing salts would cause corrosion in the metal, which is why a second substance is added, the sour lemon, so with these two liquids, the substance is neutralized due to the properties offered by the lemon, such as ascorbic acid or vitamin C (Intagri, 2018).Los refrigerantes para automóviles son muy utilizados en el sistema de enfriamiento de los motores de combustión interna, constituyen una parte fundamental para el rendimiento óptimo de un automóvil. Existen tipos de refrigerantes con distintas soluciones principales, tales como el Metanol, Glicol de etileno y Glicol de propileno, cualquiera de estos compuestos tiene el mismo problema, el ser muy tóxicos y contaminantes, no solamente si son vertidos al suelo o ingeridos accidentalmente por personas o animales, sino que, si la temperatura del motor sobrepasa el punto de ebullición del anticongelante, este comenzará a evaporarse contaminando también el aire. BioCima una alternativa capaz de cumplir con la calidad, la seguridad y la función de los demás refrigerantes comerciales, pero con un gran beneficio, el no afectar la salud de los seres vivos ni al medio ambiente (FAO, 2002). BioCima es un refrigerante biodegradable, que está compuesto por dos sustancias, la primera es la orina de bovino, la cual se le da un nuevo uso al ser un desecho del ganado, pero al contener sales originaría corrosión en el metal, es por esto que se agrega una segunda sustancia, el limón agrio, así con estos dos líquidos, la sustancia queda neutralizada debido a las propiedades que nos ofrece el limón, como el ácido ascórbico o vitamina C (Intagri, 2018)

The politico-ecological economy of neoliberal agribusiness: displacement, financialisation and mystification

The intricacy of global agri-food business today is, at once, product and also co-producer of the hegemonic modernisation of capitalism according to the discourse and the strategies of neoliberalism. The expansion of neoliberal agribusiness, situated in the wider context of the politico-ecological economy of contemporary capitalism, is considered with the assistance of an original analytical framework structured around three explanatory categories: displacement (sectoral and spatial transformations), financialisation (the priority of making money over agriculture outcomes) and mystification (dissimulation of the neoliberalising trends and of associated risks and disputes). The proposed analytical framework has significant implications for research in human geography, especially within politico-economy and neoliberalism studies, to the extent that it encapsulates interdependent processes that are together responsible for the revitalisation of agribusiness and for the legitimisation of global agri-food markets. The framework is then used to highlight the historico-geographical repercussions of neoliberalised agribusiness in Brazil, which was an element of the conservative responses to the crisis of accumulation caused by the exhaustion of developmentalist policies and state-led entrepreneurialism. Brazilian agribusiness seems to thrive on a peculiar combination of tradition and modernity, as its apparent success betrays a clear attempt to temporarily placate the structural contradictions of capitalist agriculture while tensions and reactions become increasingly evident