That\u27s Why I Never Married

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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Panel; Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 1 (outbreak data analysis and risk ranking of food/pathogen combinations)

Food of non-animal origin (FoNAO) is consumed in a variety of forms, and a major component of almost all meals. These food types have the potential to be associated with large outbreaks as seen in 2011 associated with VTEC O104. A comparison of the incidence of human cases linked to consumption of FoNAO and of food of animal origin (FoAO) was carried out to provide an indication of the proportionality between these two groups of foods. It was concluded that outbreak data reported as part of EU Zoonoses Monitoring is currently the only option for EU-wide comparative estimates. Using this data from 2007 to 2011, FoNAO were associated with 10% of the outbreaks, 26% of the cases, 35% of the hospitalisations and 46% of the deaths. If the data from the 2011VTEC O104 outbreak is excluded, FoNAO was associated with 10% of the outbreaks, 18% of cases, but only 8% of the hospitalisations and 5% of the deaths. From 2008 to 2011 there was an increase in the numbers of reported outbreaks, cases, hospitalisations and deaths associated with food of non-animal origin. In order to identify and rank specific food/pathogen combinations most often linked to human cases originating from FoNAO in the EU, a model was developed using seven criteria: strength of associations between food and pathogen based on the foodborne outbreak data from EU Zoonoses Monitoring (2007-11), incidence of illness, burden of disease, dose-response relationship, consumption, prevalence of contamination and pathogen growth potential during shelf life. Shortcomings in the approach using outbreak data were discussed. The top ranking food/pathogen combination was Salmonellaspp. and leafy greens eaten raw followed by (in equal rank) Salmonellaspp. and bulb and stem vegetables, Salmonellaspp. and tomatoes, Salmonellaspp. and melons, and pathogenic Escherichia coli and fresh pods, legumes or grain

Preclinical evaluation of [11C]YC-72-AB85 for in vivo visualisation of heat shock protein 90 in brain and cancer with positron emission tomography

Background and Purpose: Aberrant Hsp90 has been implied in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The development of a suitable Hsp90 PET probe can provide in vivo quantification of the expression levels of Hsp90 as a biomarker for diagnosis and follow up of cancer and CNS disease progression. In this respect, [11C]YC-72-AB85 was evaluated as an Hsp90 PET probe in B16.F10 melanoma bearing mice and its brain uptake was determined in rats and non-human primate. Experimental Approach: In vitro binding of [11C]YC-72-AB85 to tissue slices of mouse B16.F10 melanoma, PC3 prostate carcinoma and rodent brain was evaluated using autoradiography. Biodistribution of [11C]YC-72-AB85 was evaluated in healthy and B16.F10 melanoma mice. In vivo brain uptake was assessed by µPET studies in rats and a rhesus monkey. Key Results: In vitro binding was deemed Hsp90 specific by blocking studies with Hsp90 inhibitors Onalespibonalespib and SNX-0723. Saturable Hsp90 binding was observed in tumour, blood and blood rich organs in mice. In combined pre-treatment and displacement studies, reversible and Hsp90-specific binding of [11C]YC-72-AB85 was observed in rat brain. Dynamic µPET brain scans in baseline and blocking conditions in a rhesus monkey indicated Hsp90 specific binding. Conclusion and Implications: [11C]YC-72-AB85 is a promising PET tracer for in vivo visualisation of Hsp90 in tumour and brain. Clear differences of Hsp90 binding to blood and blood-rich organs were observed in tumour vs control mice. Further, we clearly demonstrate, for the first time, binding to a saturable Hsp90 pool in brain of rats and a rhesus monkey