Primary Care Health Workforce in the United States

Synthesizes findings about trends in the composition, supply, and distribution of the primary care workforce; demand for and pressures on primary care providers; and the impact of technologies, payment policies, market forces, and scope of practice laws

The influence of early questions on learning from text

In this research we explored the use of short-answer questions to improve learning from chapter-like texts (3395 words). Experiment 1 investigated the influence of pre-questions on recall from a text passage when tested a week later; two question sets were counterbalanced within the experimental group. Participants with pre-questions scored higher both overall (d = 3.6, 95%CI [2.4, 4.8]) and on novel questions (d = 2.0 [1.6, 2.4]). In Experiment 2, questions were made available immediately after studying the text either alongside the text, open-book, or closed-book with the opportunity to check answers, or not at all with additional study time. Learning was tested after a week. Although the immediate test scores were substantially higher for open- than closed-book tests, week-delayed performance on the same items was much worse for open-book tests and was moderately improved for closed-book tests. For seen questions, closed-book tests led to better delayed recall than did open-book tests, d = 0.7 [0.02, 1.5]. For novel questions, observed differences were small; ds = .2 [-0.6, 0.9] for both comparisons

Book review

Book review of the following work: Péter Siptár - Miklós Törkenczy: The phonology of  Hungarian. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000, 319 pp

Political Discourse in the Republic of Ireland and its Function in the Troubles and Peace Process in Northern Ireland

Despite some historical divergence, political parties in the Republic of Ireland shared some key objectives in response to the Troubles. Most consistently, each of the main parties (Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael) sought to undermine support for the IRA in Northern Ireland and de-legitimise arguments by Sinn Féin and the IRA. Over the course of the peace process, such common priorities developed into a wider shared discourse on the principles for agreement in Northern Ireland. The parties in the Republic soon established a vocal consensus incorporating support for the Good Friday Agreement, Sinn Féin involvement in politics in Northern Ireland, reconciliation, and a pluralist republicanism. The emergence of this common discourse has been essential to the legitimacy and durability of the peace process

Sexual Harassment Cases and the Law of Evidence: A Proposed Rule

Federal Rule of Evidence 412 eliminates from the jury\u27s consideration during a criminal rape trial evidence of the victim\u27s past sexual experiences in all but a few narrowly drawn circumstances. In enacting Rule 412, Congress\u27 primary purpose was to spare victims of rape the degrading and unwarranted intrusions into intimate details of their private lives that had formerly been common practice in the federal courts. Part I of this comment discusses the background, structure and rationale of Federal Rule of Evidence 412. Part II argues that the justifications for the enactment of Rule 412 in the context of rape also exist in the context of sexual harassment claims. Part III examines the applicability of Rule 412\u27s exceptions to civil cases of sexual harassment under Title VII and concludes that most exceptions are also warranted in a civil analogue to Rule 412; Part III also proposes an additional exception, one that some have argued should have been included in Rule 412. Finally, this comment concludes that a Federal Rule of Evidence, parallel to Federal Rule 412, should be enacted and in an Appendix proposes such a model Rule of Evidence

Variable Justice: Environmental Standards, Contaminated Fish, and Acceptable” Risk to Native Peoples

This article begins with the observation that “[f]ish, especially salmon, are necessary for the survival of the Native peoples of the Pacific Northwest, both as individuals and as a people.” It considers conventional approaches to regulating contamination of the waters that support the fish on which these peoples depend, and finds that the narrow focus on human physical health fails fully to comprehend the multiple dimensions of the harm to these fishing peoples. Importantly, this focus fails to appreciate the cultural dimensions of the harm. The article examines health and environmental agencies’ standard-setting practices and challenges their failure to account for Native Americans’ unique fish consumption practices. In the process, this piece questions the hegemony of quantitative risk assessment in agencies’ standard-setting efforts. It goes on to criticize the resulting standards and the justifications offered by agencies – and sanctioned by courts – for the “lower yet adequate” level of protection they afford Native American subpopulations relative to the general population. In so doing, it considers the role of science and judgment in environmental risk policy, explicating such technical concepts as “variability” and “uncertainty.” It clarifies that discussing degrees of conservatism makes sense only in connection with agencies\u27 responses to uncertainty. In the case of responses to interindividual variability, it is not a matter of choosing among errors. Rather, it is a matter of deciding, with full knowledge, whom to protect. As such, these responses ought be discussed in terms of protectiveness. Having laid this groundwork, the article argues for agencies’ differential treatment of Native American subpopulations from both a normative and doctrinal standpoint. Relevant normative commitments include respect for cultural integrity, equality and just process. Relevant legal obligations include treaties, the federal trust responsibility, and civil rights legislation. Finally, the article concludes with recommendations that agencies and tribes might consider, in consultation, as they engage in the process of environmental standard-setting

From República inmoral to La peste fascista: Agit-prop theatre of the second republic

This article considers the relationship between culture, specifically the theatre, and the State during the Second Republic and analyses some of the work of certain writers who employed propagandistic theatre to fUrther their political aims. It examines the purpose, both political and artistic, of this theatre before going on to demonstrate how its reception by the state s censors during the Second Republic and the early Civil War years mirrored the political changes and confusion of the period. Finally, some conclusions are drawn about the worth of this theatre, both as art and as social document. Tomando como punto de partida la relación entre el teatro y el estado, este articulo examina el teatro reformista de los años treinta y luego la evolución de un teatro propagandístico, inspirado en las obras de autores extranjeros como Piscator, y aliado a un movimiento político revolucionario. Se considera la recepción oficial de este teatro por un análisis de los informes de los censores, y concluye que los juicios de los censores reflejan la confusión política de la época. Con respeto al valor literario de este teatro se puede decir que muchas veces no es un teatro muy logrado, pero no deja de ser así un importante documento histórico-social de la II República