Results of early infant testing during the study period in rural Zambia, 2010–2012.

a<p>Result lost at the central laboratory.</p>b<p>Six results lost at the central laboratory; two results returned but not documented in file.</p>c<p>Result returned but not documented in file.</p

Travel time (A), mode (B), and cost (C) before and after transfer to outreach clinics.

<p>Note: participants were able to report more than one mode of travel to the clinic.</p

Characteristics of HIV-exposed infants receiving early infant diagnostic testing in rural southern Zambia, 2010–2012.

<p>ART: antiretroviral therapy; AZT: zidovudine; IQR: interquartile range; NVP: nevirapine; PMTCT: prevention of mother-to-child transmission;</p>a<p>The timing of the start of highly active ART during pregnancy was variable.</p>b<p>Reported duration of AZT and NVP was variable.</p

Characteristics of HIV-infected children receiving ART at the hospital-affiliated and outreach clinics.

<p>3TC: lamivudine; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; AZT: zidovudine; D4T: stavudine; EFV: efavirenz; IQR: interquartile range; NVP: nevirapine; WAZ: weight-for-age z-score;</p>a<p>among respondents who were primary caregivers, n = 98.</p>b<p>after transfer to the outreach clinic among the outreach clinic group.</p

Median turnaround time (IQR; range) in days for early infant diagnosis in rural Zambia, 2010–2012.

<p>^aThese infants were first tested before the study began; ^bEight samples were lost at the laboratory; ^cSix results were missing date of return.</p

Lowess graph of CD4⁺ T-cell percentage by time since ART initiation for HIV-infected children at hospital-affiliated and outreach clinics.

<p>Note: Care at outreach clinics was treated as a time-varying covariate.</p

Differences in mean weight-for-age z-scores and CD4⁺ T-cell percentage between children receiving ART at the hospital-affiliated and outreach clinics.

<p>CI: Confidence interval; WAZ: weight-for-age z-score.</p>a<p>Estimates and p-values for comparisons from linear regression with GEE to account for repeated measures per child.</p>b<p>Adjusted for month on ART, age at ART initiation, underweight at ART initiation and severe immunosuppression at ART initiation.</p

Cumulative probability of virologic failure after 6 months of ART by regimen.

<p>Cumulative probability of virologic failure after 6 months of ART by regimen.</p

Study flowchart.

<p>ART: antiretroviral treatment; ATT: anti-tuberculous treatment; EFV: efavirenz; FU: follow-up; LTFU: loss to follow-up; NVP: nevirapine.</p

Changes in CD4⁺ T-cell percentages and weight-for-age z-scores after ART initiation by regimen.

<p>EFV: efavirenz; NVP: nevirapine; SE: standard error.</p>a<p>Results shown are from linear mixed effects models with random intercept, exchangeable correlation structure and robust standard error estimation. Interaction terms between EFV and time were included to determine whether trajectories of the outcomes differed between children receiving EFV or NVP. For CD4⁺ T-cell percentage, a spline term was added at 6 months as trajectories were not linear over time.</p>b<p>Adjusted for hemoglobin, weight-for-age z-score, and age at ART initiation.</p>c<p>Adjusted for hemoglobin, CD4⁺ T-cell percentage, weight-for-age z-score, and age at ART initiation.</p