Enfermedades del frijol

Diseases are one of the limiting factors to bean production in L.A. The prevalency and severity of the disease depends on the quantity of inoculum existing in the region, environmental conditions and the quality of the seed used. Data are given on geographic distribution, favorable climatic conditions for development, symptomatology, vectors, type of damage caused and control measures, including var. resistant to (1) fungal diseases, the most numerous and causing the most damage: rust, anthracnose, angular leaf spot, root rot, web blight, gray spot, powdery mildew; (2) virus diseases, some of economic importance transmitted by aphids (BCMV, BYMV); transmitted by whiteflies (BGMV, bean chlorotic mottle, euphorbia mosaic); transmitted by chrysomelids (BRMV, pod mottle, BSMV, yellow mottle); (3) bacterial diseases are few but can be a serious limitation to the crop: common and fuscous blights, halo blight; and (4) nematodes: Meloidogyne sp., Trichodorus spp., Pratylenchus spp., Heterodera spp. (CIAT

The Role of <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> RNA Methyltransferases in Antibiotic Resistance

Methyltransferases play a fundamental role in aminoglycoside resistance of Gram-negative bacteria, and some of its mechanisms were described in the past years, especially in Escherichia coli; however, it remains unsolved for other resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Despite hurdles to determine resistance acquisition, high-throughput approaches (genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) have allowed data mining and analysis in a systemic way. Likewise, bioinformatics modelling of homologous genes or proteins has permitted to elucidate the emerging resistance in this pathogen. P. aeruginosa is a bacterial resistance treat since practically all known resistance mechanisms can be described using this model, particularly RNA methyltransferases. The RNA methyltransferases perform methylation or demethylation of ribosomal RNA to allow or restrict the antibiotic resistance development. The Kgm and Kam methyltransferases families are found in P. aeruginosa and confer resistance to several aminoglycosides. Loss of native methylations may also confer a resistant phenotype. The P. aeruginosa RsmG has high structural homology with Thermus aquaticus protein. Today, molecular data will promote a new paradigm on antibiotic therapy for treatment against P. aeruginosa. This chapter provides an overview of what role P. aeruginosa’s methyltransferases play in antibiotic resistance, induced by methylation or demethylation in the ribosome

SYZ mirror symmetry for hypertoric varieties

We construct a Lagrangian torus fibration on a smooth hypertoric variety and a corresponding SYZ mirror variety using $T$-duality and generating functions of open Gromov-Witten invariants. The variety is singular in general. We construct a resolution using the wall and chamber structure of the SYZ base.Comment: v_2: 31 pages, 5 figures, minor revision. To appear in Communications in Mathematical Physic

Hydrophobic RWGS catalysts: Valorization of CO2-rich streams in presence of CO/H2O

Nowadays, the majority of the Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) studies assume somehow model feedstock (diluted CO2/H2) for syngas production. Nonetheless, biogas streams contain certain amounts of CO/H2O which will decrease the obtained CO2 conversion values by promoting the forward WGS reaction. Since the rate limiting step for the WGS reaction concerns the water splitting, this work proposes the use of hydrophobic RWGS catalysts as an effective strategy for the valorization of CO2-rich feedstock in presence of H2O and CO. Over Fe-Mg catalysts, the different hydrophilicities attained over pristine, N- and B-doped carbonaceous supports accounted for the impact on the activity of the catalyst in presence of CO/H2O. Overall, the higher CO productivity (4.12 μmol/(min·m2)) attained by Fe-Mg/CDC in presence of 20 % of H2O relates to hindered water adsorption and unveil the use of hydrophobic surfaces as a suitable approach for avoiding costly pre-conditioning units for the valorization of CO2-rich streams based on RWGS processes in presence of CO/H2O

Efecto de adherentes: aplicados aisladamente y combinados con Maneb en el control de Phytophthora infestans de la papa

Se determinó la eficiencia de algunas sustancias domésticas para incrementar las condiciones de adherencia del fungicida Maneb aplicado en papa, para controlar la gota. El experimento se llevó a cabo en la Sub Estación Experimental La Selva (Antioquia), en 3 épocas diferentes, usando las siguientes sustancias como adherentes: Spreader sticker (abietato dietileno glicol) leche de vaca y miel de caña (con y sin Maneb). Se empleó la variedad de papa Argentina, susceptible a Phytophthora infestans. Las aspersiones se efectuaron cada 3 semanas. Las sustancias ensayadas carecieron de efecto protectante por sí solos (sin Maneb), pero agregados al Maneb incrementaron la acción protectante del fungicida contra la enfermedad, lo cual se reflejó en los altos rendimientos de la cosecha y en menores porcentajes de infección. Estos resultados indican que el hecho de que la leche y la miel de caña incrementan la adherencia del Maneb, es algo ventajoso para el agricultor, ya que dichas sustancias están más a su alcance que los productos comerciales que se ofrecen con el mismo finPapa-Solanum tuberosu

Raising the unification scale in supersymmetry

In the minimal supersymmetric standard model, the three gauge couplings appear to unify at a mass scale near $2 \times 10^{16}$ GeV. We investigate the possibility that intermediate scale particle thresholds modify the running couplings so as to increase the unification scale. By requiring consistency of this scenario, we derive some constraints on the particle content and locations of the intermediate thresholds. There are remarkably few acceptable solutions with a single cleanly defined intermediate scale far below the unification scale.Comment: 22 pages, macros included. One figure, available at ftp://ftp.phys.ufl.edu/incoming/rais.ep

Inverting the Supersymmetric Standard Model Spectrum: from Physical to Lagrangian Ino Parameters

We examine the possibility of recovering the supersymmetric (and soft supersymmetry breaking) Lagrangian parameters as direct {\em analytical} expressions of appropriate physical masses, for the unconstrained (but CP and R-parity conserving) minimal supersymmetric standard model. We concentrate mainly on the algebraically non-trivial "inversion" for the ino parameters, and obtain, for given values of $\tan\beta$, simple analytical expressions for the $\mu$, $M_1$ and $M_2$ parameters in terms of three arbitrary input physical masses, namely either two chargino and one neutralino masses, or alternatively one chargino and two neutralino masses. We illustrate and discuss in detail the possible occurrence of ambiguities in this reconstruction. The dependence of the resulting ino Lagrangian parameters upon physical masses is illustrated, and some simple generic behaviour uncovered in this way. We finally briefly sketch generalizing such an inversion to the full set of MSSM Lagrangian parameters.Comment: Latex, 28 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, some typos corrected, one paragraph extended in section 4.2. Version to appear in Phys. Rev.

Attenuation and efficacy of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) vaccine candidates containing stabilized mutations in the P/C and L genes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Two recombinant, live attenuated human parainfluenza virus type 1 (rHPIV1) mutant viruses have been developed, using a reverse genetics system, for evaluation as potential intranasal vaccine candidates. These rHPIV1 vaccine candidates have two non-temperature sensitive (non-<it>ts</it>) attenuating (<it>att</it>) mutations primarily in the P/C gene, namely C^R84GHN^T553A(two point mutations used together as a set) and C^Δ170(a short deletion mutation), and two <it>ts att </it>mutations in the L gene, namely L^Y942A(a point mutation), and L^Δ1710–11(a short deletion), the last of which has not been previously described. The latter three mutations were specifically designed for increased genetic and phenotypic stability. These mutations were evaluated on the HPIV1 backbone, both individually and in combination, for attenuation, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in African green monkeys (AGMs).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The rHPIV1 mutant bearing the novel L^Δ1710–11mutation was highly <it>ts </it>and attenuated in AGMs and was immunogenic and efficacious against HPIV1 wt challenge. The rHPIV1-C^R84G/Δ170HN^T553AL^Y942Aand rHPIV1-C^R84G/Δ170HN^T553AL^Δ1710–11vaccine candidates were highly <it>ts</it>, with shut-off temperatures of 38°C and 35°C, respectively, and were highly attenuated in AGMs. Immunization with rHPIV1-C^R84G/Δ170HN^T553AL^Y942Aprotected against HPIV1 wt challenge in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. In contrast, rHPIV1-C^R84G/Δ170HN^T553AL^Δ1710–11was not protective in AGMs due to over-attenuation, but it is expected to replicate more efficiently and be more immunogenic in the natural human host.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The rHPIV1-C^R84G/Δ170HN^T553AL^Y942Aand rHPIV1-C^R84G/Δ170HN^T553AL^Δ1710–11vaccine candidates are clearly highly attenuated in AGMs and clinical trials are planned to address safety and immunogenicity in humans.</p

Catálogo de las orquídeas del Valle geográfico del río Cauca y su piedemonte andino bajo, Sur-occidente colombiano.

Twenty forest patches belonging to the potential domain of tropical dry forest were explored in the Cauca Valley bioregion (421,000 ha) in southwestern Colombia. Sampling was carried out from September, 2009,to October, 2010, at elevations between 930 and 1,200 m. During the field evaluations we reach 346 hours of observation distributed in 60 Km. This exploration produced the most complete list of orchids ever made in this territory, with a total of 70 species belonging to 41 genera. This figure is 112% (37 species) greater than existing records for this bioregion, and represents 1.74% of the total of orchid species reported for Colombia. Several new regional records were found, as well as at least three endemic species, probably one local extinction, and one new species for science. This figure is compared with other much smaller areas, such as the forest of Yotoco in the department of Valle del Cauca, and possible explanations for the low species richness are proposed. At the same time, a bank of digital high-resolution images of the orchid flora of the department was begun