Constraints on Dark Energy from Supernovae, Gamma Ray Bursts, Acoustic Oscillations, Nucleosynthesis and Large Scale Structure and the Hubble constant

The luminosity distance vs. redshift law is now measured using supernovae and gamma ray bursts, and the angular size distance is measured at the surface of last scattering by the CMB and at z = 0.35 by baryon acoustic oscillations. In this paper this data is fit to models for the equation of state with w = -1, w = const, and w(z) = w_0+w_a(1-a). The last model is poorly constrained by the distance data, leading to unphysical solutions where the dark energy dominates at early times unless the large scale structure and acoustic scale constraints are modified to allow for early time dark energy effects. A flat LambdaCDM model is consistent with all the data.Comment: 19 pages Latex with 8 Postscript figure files. A new reference and constraint, w vs w' contour plots updated. Version accepted by the the Ap

The numerical solution of nonlinear two-point boundary value problems using iterated deferred correction - a survey

The use of iterated deferred correction has proved to be a very efficient approach to the numerical solution of general first order systems of nonlinear two-point boundary value problems. In particular the two high order codes TWPBVP.f, based on mono-implicit Runge-Kutta (MIRK) formulae, and TWPBVPL.f based on Lobatto Runge-Kutta formulae as well as the continuation codes ACDC.f and COLMOD.f are now widely used. In this survey we describe some of the problems involved in the derivation of efficient deferred correction schemes. In particular we consider the construction of high order methods which preserve the stability of the underlying formulae, the choice of the mesh choosing algorithm which is based both on local accuracy and conditioning, and the computation of continuous solutions

Freshmen Retention at Two Seventh-day Adventist Higher Education Institutions

Problem. Information is needed regarding the reasons students attend Seventh-day Adventist higher education institutions, and how these reasons and students\u27 characteristics relate to their decision to remain in college or withdraw. Method. A study was made of freshmen entering Andrews University and Union College in autumn 1983. Survey and personal information were collected at the beginning and near the end of the school year. Students who withdrew during or after their freshmen year were identified. Data collected were analyzed using several criterion variables, including retention status, time of withdrawal, gender, and school attended. The applicability of Tinto\u27s model of retention was tested for church-related institutions. Results. Freshmen at these two Seventh-day Adventist institutions appear to be similar to their peers at other public and private traditional and residential colleges in personal background, reasons for attending college, freshman year experience, and reasons for persisting or withdrawing. Salient findings include: (1) The greatest differences among students on each campus studied were between students from regional feeder secondary schools and nearby states, and students further away; social reasons were more important to those attending from a shorter distance from home. (2) A general commitment to Christian education was found to contribute to the persistence of many students during and at the end of their freshman year. (3) In addition to the usual academic and social reasons for withdrawing, financial and religious integration/commitment reasons were also related to the decision to remain or withdraw. (4) A relationship was found between student-institution fit and retention. Tinto\u27s model of retention, with the addition of religion pre-enrollment characteristics and religious integration as well as intention to continue, describes the retention behavior of students in church-related institutions in a manner similar to other published tests of the model. Conclusions. Because of their similarity to their peers in other colleges and universities, studies of students at Seventh-day Adventist institutions are appropriate using methods successful on other campuses. A commitment to obtaining a college education in a Christian setting is related both to the decision to attend Andrews University or Union College and to continue beyond the freshman year

Neural Correlates of Auditory Perceptual Awareness and Release from Informational Masking Recorded Directly from Human Cortex: A Case Study.

In complex acoustic environments, even salient supra-threshold sounds sometimes go unperceived, a phenomenon known as informational masking. The neural basis of informational masking (and its release) has not been well-characterized, particularly outside auditory cortex. We combined electrocorticography in a neurosurgical patient undergoing invasive epilepsy monitoring with trial-by-trial perceptual reports of isochronous target-tone streams embedded in random multi-tone maskers. Awareness of such masker-embedded target streams was associated with a focal negativity between 100 and 200 ms and high-gamma activity (HGA) between 50 and 250 ms (both in auditory cortex on the posterolateral superior temporal gyrus) as well as a broad P3b-like potential (between ~300 and 600 ms) with generators in ventrolateral frontal and lateral temporal cortex. Unperceived target tones elicited drastically reduced versions of such responses, if at all. While it remains unclear whether these responses reflect conscious perception, itself, as opposed to pre- or post-perceptual processing, the results suggest that conscious perception of target sounds in complex listening environments may engage diverse neural mechanisms in distributed brain areas

Extended Water Quality Monitoring of the Lincoln Lake Watershed

For seven years, the Lincoln Lake (Moores Creek and Beatty Branch) watershed was monitored for improvements in water quality resulting from agricultural best management practices (BMP) implemented to reduce nutrient transport. During the first three years of monitoring (1991 to 1994), nitrogen transport declined significantly (Edwards et al., 1994, 1996, and 1997) under both base and storm flow conditions. This decline in nitrogen transport was again observed in the three-year period following 1994 (Vendrell et al. 1998). This monitoring effort has demonstrated that water quality bas improved in the Lincoln Lake watershed. However, since the nitrogen transport continued to decline and there was some indication that phosphorus may begin to decline, monitoring was extended for another year (1998)

Effectiveness of international aid for diarrheal disease control and potential for future impact

The reduction in deaths from diarrheal diseases is one of the significant public health successes of the twentieth century. That said, the disease still accounts for a significant burden of childhood morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Progress made in the past has, to a significant extent, been supported by a variety of both bilateral and multilateral donors aiming to make an impact in reducing this burden. We review the history of international aid in the context of disease control, and the variety of ways in which international aid has driven the international agenda, including a description of the activities of key players during this period, as well as the experiences of national control programmes. We conclude with a discussion of what is known to date about the effectiveness of international aid in supporting national control programmes, as well as some important areas of focus for future efforts. The control of diarrheal diseases remains an unfinished agenda in global health and international aid still stands to make an important impact in the burden

Childhood Depression and Conduct Disorder: I. Behavioral, Affective, and Cognitive Aspects of Family Problem-Solving Interactions

We assessed the family interactions of depressed, conduct-disordered, mixed depressed-conductdisordered, and nonclinic children, ages 7-14 years, during a standardized family problem-solving discussion in the clinic. The child's and the mother's problem-solving proficiency, aversive behavior, and associated affective behavior (depressed and angry-hostile) were observed. The child and mother also rated each other's affect during the interaction for the dimensions sad, angry, critical, and happy on Likert-type scales. The child's and mother's cognitive constructions about the interaction were assessed using videomediated recall. Although all clinic groups had lower levels of effective problem solving than did nonclinic children, their deficiencies were somewhat different. Mixed and depressed children displayed high levels of depressed affect and low levels of angry affect, whereas conduct-disordered children displayed both angry and depressed affect. In addition, conduct-disordered children had lower levels of positive problem solving and higher levels of aversive content than did non-conduct-disordered children. Depressed and conduct-disordered children had higher levels of self-referent negative cognitions than did mixed and comparison children, and depressed children also had higher other-referent negative cognitions than did all other groups. The study provides support for theories and treatment that stress the importance of family problem-solving and conflict resolution skills in child psychopathology

Compatibility studies of several molten uranium and thorium alloys in niobium, tantalum, and yttrium

Niobium, tantalum, yttrium, and Inconel have been used to contain molten aluminum, lead, tin, zinc, and several of their respective uranium and thorium alloys for various times up to 3000 hours and at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1100° C. Altogether 76 capsule tests were run, almost all in a static isothermal condition. Tantalum showed the best resistance followed by niobium, Inconel, and yttrium respectively. The systems, lead in tantalum and lead in niobium, showed the greatest potentials for possible liquid-metal fuel carrier systems. An alloy of uranium-bismuth-tin contained in tantalum also exhibited promising possibilities . The tabulated test data include a classification of the type of corrosion attack which occurred and a measured value of the amount of corrosive penetration. Each test was also given an arbitrary rating for easy reference comparisons. A number of photomicrographs are included for each set of tests

Cryospray ablation (CSA) in the palliative treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

BACKGROUND: Esophageal carcinoma is the ninth most prevalent cancer worldwide with squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) and adenocarcinoma accounting for the vast majority of new cases (13,900 in 2003). Cure rates in the U.S. are less than 10%, similar to lung cancer. More than 50% of patients with esophageal carcinoma present with unresectable or metastatic disease, are not surgical candidates, or display disease progression despite the addition of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy to surgery. Need for improved palliation exits. CASE PRESENTATION: This case describes a 73-year-old African American male who presented with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) of the esophagus who has a achieved complete remission for 24 months via endoscopic cryospray ablation. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic cryo spray ablation warrants further investigation as a palliative treatment modality for esophageal cancer. This is the first reported case in the medical literature

DRUG AND VACCINE DEVELOPMENT FOR NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAEA

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the STI gonorrhea, is not preventable by vaccination and is rapidly developing resistance to antibiotics. One important strategy for gonococcal survival in the host is iron acquisition in the face of nutritional immunity. To overcome iron limitation, the gonococcus expresses TonB dependent transporters (TdTs), outer membrane proteins that facilitate nutrient acquisition. Of the TdTs, the transferrin (Tf), lactoferrin (Lf), and hemoglobin (Hb) receptors hijack iron directly from host proteins, and studies have already shown that the Tf receptor is essential for the initiation of human infection. Given that the TdTs are virulence factors, they are widely conserved across strains, and are not subject to antigenic variation, they are ideal targets for novel therapeutics and vaccine development. As such, studies exploring these proteins and their potential as vaccine candidates and antimicrobial targets are needed. In this study we report that loops of the Tf receptor protein TbpA are not strongly immunogenic, and the antibodies raised against them are incapable of inhibiting TbpA-Tf interactions on the gonococcal cell surface. We also report that the loop 3 helix motif of TbpA is a critical functional domain for Tf-binding and iron uptake; however, no single residue was identified that was essential for these functions. In addition, we report the development of a platform for the structure-function analysis of HpuA, a member of the poorly studied Hb receptor. We also present evidence that novel small molecules may be able to inhibit TbpA-Tf interaction, presenting the Tf receptor as a novel, species-specific antimicrobial target. Finally, we demonstrated that a novel drug, OSU-03012, has antimicrobial activity against the gonococcus through down-regulation of DnaK, a protein chaperone. These findings suggest that DnaK, a widely conserved protein, may be a universal target for antimicrobial development. These studies provide insight into the structure function relationship of TbpA, the drug potential of DnaK, and lay the framework for future investigations of the TdTs for use in a multi-antigen vaccine