Ocorrência de enterobactérias produtoras de beta lactamase de espectro ampliado (Esbl) em carcaças de frango comercializadas no estado da Paraíba

Antimicrobial resistance has been increasingly observed in bacteria isolated from both humans and animals. The production of beta lactamases is very common and is considered the main mechanism of resistance against beta-lactam antimicrobials in Gram-negative bacteria. However, the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing bacteria is of major concern, since they are also resistant against non-lactam drugs, such as fluoroquinolones e aminoglycosides could limit therapeutic options in humans. In this sense, the monitoring of ESBL-producing bacteria in the food chain is important to ultimately decrease infections in humans given the fact that resistant genes can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) in enterobacteria cultured from chicken carcasses marketed in Paraiba State, Brazil. A total of 50 carcasses (fresh, frozen, or cooled) were rinsed using buffered peptone water. After incubation, aliquots (20 μL) were transferred to Brain Heart Infusion broth supplemented with ceftriaxone (1 mg/L). Culture was performed using MacConkey agar plates and isolated bacteria identified by means of phenotypic tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). Furthermore, Double Disc Synergy Tests (DDST) was performed to identify ESBL and carbapenemases. A total of 150 isolates were cultured and Escherichia spp. (35.1%) Klebsiella spp. (33.1%) and Pseudomonas spp. (21.2%) were the most prevalent genera. Among confirmed ESBL-producing bacteria, 15 (30%) Klebsiella spp., 7 (13.20%) E. coli, 1 (3,2%) Pseudomonas spp. and 1 Shigella spp. were identified. Although cefoxitin and ceftriaxone were the most sensitive drugs to confirm ESBL by the DDST test, a positive association between those drugs was observed. Pseudomonas isolates showing antimicrobial resistance against carbapenems, mainly ertapenem (17%) and meropenem (3,5%) is of great concern and reinforce the need to further investigate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from chicken carcasses marketed in Paraiba State and their real impact in public health.A resistência antimicrobiana é crescente em bactérias de seres humanos e animais de todo o mundo. A produção de beta lactamases é o principal mecanismo de resistência a beta lactâmicos em bactérias Gram-negativas. No entanto, a ocorrência de patógenos produtores de beta lactamases de espetro ampliado (ESBL) é de grande importância em saúde pública, pois essas bactérias são resistentes também a drogas não lactâmicas, como fluoroquinolonas e aminoglicosídeos, limitando as opções de tratamento. Nesse sentido, o monitoramento de bactérias produtoras de ESBL na cadeia de alimentos é importante para o controle das infecções em humanos, pois os genes de resistência podem ser transferidos para patógenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de enterobactérias produtoras de ESBL em carcaças de frango comercializadas no Estado da Paraíba. Foi realizado isolamento microbiológico, através da técnica de lavagem com água peptonada, em 50 carcaças de frango (congeladas, resfriadas e in natura) adquiridas de estabelecimentos comerciais. Após incubação, os lavados (20 μL) foram transferidos para caldo infusão cérebro coração suplementado com ceftriaxona (1mg/L). O plaqueamento foi realizado em ágar MacConkey e os microrganismos identificados através de provas fenotípicas. Após a identificação, as bactérias foram submetidas ao teste de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana in vitro pelo método de disco-difusão. Adicionalmente, foram realizados testes de aproximação ao disco de amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico para identificação das cepas produtoras da enzima beta lactamase de espectro ampliado, beta lactamase AmpC e carbapenemases. Do total de 150 enterobactérias investigadas, Escherichia spp. (35,1%), Klebsiella spp. (33,1%) e Pseudomonas spp. (21,2%) foram os generous de maior ocorrência. Dentre as bactérias produtoras de ESBL, foram identificadas 15 (30%) Klebsiella spp., 7 (13.2%) E. coli, 1 (3,2%) Pseudomonas spp. and 1 Shigella spp. Os antimicrobianos cefotaxima e ceftriaxona apresentaram associação significativa quanto à capacidade de identificar cepas ESBL. A identificação de Pseudomonas spp. resistentes a carbapenemases, principalmente ertapenem (17%) e meropenem (3,5%) é um achado importante e reforça a necessidade de maiores investigações sobre a ocorrência de resistência na microbiota de carcaças de frango comercializadas na Paraíba

In-Depth Genomic Characterization of a Meropenem-nonsusceptible Pseudomonas otitidis Strain Contaminating Chicken Carcass

Background: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in food-animal production has a major impact on public health, particularly in terms of contributing to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the food-animal production chain. Although Pseudomonas species are recognized as important spoilage organisms in foodstuff, they are also known as opportunistic pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infections. Furthermore, Pseudomonas can play a role as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes, which may be horizontally transferred to other bacteria. Considering that cephalosporins (3rd and higher generations) and carbapenems are critically important beta-lactam antimicrobials in human medicine, this study reports the occurrence and genomic characterization of a meropenem-nonsusceptible Pseudomonas otitidis strain recovered from a chicken carcass in Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: During the years 2018-2019, 72 frozen chicken carcasses were purchased on the retail market from different regions in Brazil. Aliquots from individual carcass rinses were screened for Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in MacConkey agar supplemented with 1mg.L-1 cefotaxime. Phenotypically resistant isolates were further tested for resistance to other antimicrobials and confirmed as ESBL-producers by means of disk-diffusion method using Müller-Hinton agar. Only one meropenen-nonsusceptible isolate was detected and submitted to whole genome sequencing (WGS) in Illumina Miseq. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas otitidis by local alignment of the 16S rRNA sequence using BLASTn and confirmed by Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis using JspeciesWS database. Genes encoding for antimicrobial resistance were detected by means of Resfinder and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) databases. The phenotypic non-susceptibility to meropenen was attributed to the gene blaPOM-1. A total of 192 different genes encoding for quorum sensing system, antiphagocytosis, iron uptake, efflux pump, endotoxin and toxin, adherence, and secretion systems were detected by means of Virulence Factor Database (VFDB). Pseudomonas otitidis-pan genome was built using Roary-rapid large-scale prokaryote pan genome analysis using the present strain (K_25) and other two P. otitidis genomes (PAM-1, DSM 17224) publicly available at the NCBI. The core genome analysis of the two human strains resulted in similar percentages.Discussion: Carbapenems are critically important drugs for human health and bacterial strains resistant to these antimicrobials pose a public health problem. The blaPOM-1 gene harbored by the Pseudomonas otitidis K_25 strain encodes a metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) conferring resistance to carbapenems. Pseudomonas otitidis was the first confirmed pathogenic Pseudomonas species expressing MBL constitutively in the absence of inducible beta-lactamase genes. Furthermore, the several virulence genes associated with the capacity of the P. otitidis K_25 to colonize, evade the immune system and cause lesions in the human host confirm this strain as a potential opportunistic pathogen contaminating foodstuff. These reinforce the need to address antimicrobial resistance in a One Health perspective, in which resistant bacteria and resistance determinants circulate among environment, animals and humans

Mapeamento cartográfico do município de Paulo Jacinto-AL

The present study aims to confect the basemap of Paulo Jacinto county in the state of Alagoas. Technologies of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System-GIS were used in the process, which enabled the manufacturing of a geographic database with matrix and vector information. This way, it is possible to perform the correlations between different data models in a single virtual environment, which maximizes the quality of the products originated in these interrelationships. Thematic maps were made regarding: hypsometry, drainage, vegetation, geology, soils, climate, isohyets, and isotherms. For possessing such material, the city of Paulo Jacinto-Al now has cartographic materials that facilitated decision making for implementation of public policies that are in line with sustainable development.O presente trabalho tem como objetivo confeccionar a base cartográfica do Município de Paulo Jacinto-AL, para isso foram utilizadas as tecnologias do Sensoriamento Remoto e Sistema de Informações Geográficas-SIG, as quais possibilitaram a confecção de um banco de dados geográficos com informações matriciais e vetoriais. Tornando possível realizar as correlações entre os distintos modelos de dados em um mesmo ambiente virtual, o que maximiza a qualidade dos produtos oriundos dessas inter-relações. Dessa forma foram confeccionadas as cartas temáticas referentes: hipsometria, drenagem, cobertura vegetal, geologia, solos, clima, isoietas, isotermas... De posse desse material o município de Paulo Jacinto-Al passou a ter materiais cartográficos que facilitaram a tomada de decisões para implementação de políticas públicas que estejam em consonância com o desenvolvimento sustentável

In-depth genomic characterization of a meropenem-nonsusceptible Pseudomonas otitidis strain contaminating chicken carcass

Background: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in food-animal production has a major impact on public health, particularly in terms of contributing to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the food-animal production chain. Although Pseudomonas species are recognized as important spoilage organisms in foodstuff, they are also known as opportunistic pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infections. Furthermore, Pseudomonas can play a role as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes, which may be horizontally transferred to other bacteria. Considering that cephalosporins (3rd and higher generations) and carbapenems are critically important beta-lactam antimicrobials in human medicine, this study reports the occurrence and genomic characterization of a meropenem-nonsusceptible Pseudomonas otitidis strain recovered from a chicken carcass in Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: During the years 2018-2019, 72 frozen chicken carcasses were purchased on the retail market from different regions in Brazil. Aliquots from individual carcass rinses were screened for Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in MacConkey agar supplemented with 1mg.L-1 cefotaxime. Phenotypically resistant isolates were further tested for resistance to other antimicrobials and confirmed as ESBL-producers by means of disk-diffusion method using Müller-Hinton agar. Only one meropenen-nonsusceptible isolate was detected and submitted to whole genome sequencing (WGS) in Illumina Miseq. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas otitidis by local alignment of the 16S rRNA sequence using BLASTn and confirmed by Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis using JspeciesWS database. Genes encoding for antimicrobial resistance were detected by means of Resfinder and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) databases. The phenotypic non-susceptibility to meropenen was attributed to the gene blaPOM-1. A total of 192 different genes encoding for quorum sensing system, antiphagocytosis, iron uptake, efflux pump, endotoxin and toxin, adherence, and secretion systems were detected by means of Virulence Factor Database (VFDB). Pseudomonas otitidis-pan genome was built using Roary-rapid large-scale prokaryote pan genome analysis using the present strain (K_25) and other two P. otitidis genomes (PAM-1, DSM 17224) publicly available at the NCBI. The core genome analysis of the two human strains resulted in similar percentages. Discussion: Carbapenems are critically important drugs for human health and bacterial strains resistant to these antimicrobials pose a public health problem. The blaPOM-1 gene harbored by the Pseudomonas otitidis K_25 strain encodes a metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) conferring resistance to carbapenems. Pseudomonas otitidis was the first confirmed pathogenic Pseudomonas species expressing MBL constitutively in the absence of inducible beta-lactamase genes. Furthermore, the several virulence genes associated with the capacity of the P. otitidis K_25 to colonize, evade the immune system and cause lesions in the human host confirm this strain as a potential opportunistic pathogen contaminating foodstuff. These reinforce the need to address antimicrobial resistance in a One Health perspective, in which resistant bacteria and resistance determinants circulate among environment, animals and humans

First reported genome of an mcr-9-mediated colistin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolate from Brazilian livestock

Objectives: To investigate the genetic context of colistin resistance in anmcr-9-harbouring Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 strain from swine in Brazil. Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) to colistin were determined by broth microdilution. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on an Illumina MiSeq system, followed by de novo genome assembly using SPAdes 1.13.1. The draft genome sequence was annotated in Prokka using KBase online server. Downstream analyses for resistome and plasmid detection were performed using online tools available at the Center for Genomic Epidemiology. The strain was typed in silico using MLST 2.0. Phylogenetic analysis involving 24 other genomes of Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 and mcr-9-harbouring Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from humans, livestock and foodstuff in different regions was also performed. Results: Assembly of the draft genome resulted in 5245 protein-coding sequences, 14 rRNAs, 83 tRNAs and a GC content of 51.81%. The strain was identified as Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 harbouring a 265.5-kb pN1566-2 plasmid carrying genes encoding resistance to colistin (mcr-9.1), aminoglycosides (aadA1), tetracycline [tet(C)] and sulfonamides (sul1). Our findings indicate that the Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 strain in this study showed low genetic variability compared with Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 isolated from swine and poultry in Brazil, and was less related to those reported in other countries. Conclusions: This is the first reported genome of a phenotypically colistin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium harbouring the mcr-9 variant in Brazilian livestock. This genome will aid global investigations on epidemiological and evolutionary aspects of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance and the role of colistin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 lineage as a zoonotic pathogen

Evaluation of the use and need of dental prosthesis in a school clinic: a cross-study / Avaliação do uso e necessidade de prótese dentária numa clínica escola: um estudo transversal

Objective: This paper aims to identify the use and need of prosthesis, age and gender of users of the dental service of the school clinic of a private university in Recife. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed through analysis of medical records. From 2,294 records of the semesters 2016.2 and 2017.1, 790 were analyzed that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study was divided into three groups according to the age of the patients (35 - 44, 45 - 64 and 65 - 74 years old) and were analyzed according to gender, prosthesis use, need of prosthesis or use and need of prosthesis. Data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel © and submitted to statistics. Results: Females were the most expressive in the search of the service (66.1%); besides that, 86.8% of the patients did not wear prosthesis and 71.1% needed to use it. Total Prosthesis was the most used (50%) and the Removable Partial Prosthesis presented the greatest need of use (74%). Conclusion: It was concluded that women from 45 – 64 years old seek more the rehabilitation service, and the need is greater in one arcade, showing an evolution to access the dentist. 

Resistência Antimicrobiana de Enterobactérias em Aves Migratórias no Litoral Paraibano

A migração é um comportamento biológico de várias espécies de aves e outros animais e que pode favorecer a disseminação de microrganismos patogênicos oriundos de animais contaminados, colocando em risco populações de outras espécies de aves, mamíferos, incluindo o homem, em novos locais. Muitos destes microrganismos podem ser resistentes a alguns tipos de antimicrobianos, sendo umaameaça à saúde púbica. Objetivou-se com este estudo, isolar, caracterizar e avaliar o perfil de resistência de enterobactérias encontradas em espécies de maçaricos no período de ‘invernada” na Paraíba, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras cloacais das espécies Arenaria interpres (n=9), Calidris pusilla (n=32), Charadrius semipalmatus (n=5) e Tringa flavipes (n=1). Dos 47 isolados, foram identificados 14 gêneros bacterianos distintos para os quais foram testados 12 antimicrobianos. O teste de  suscetibilidade in vitro com o método disco-difusão revelou o maior índice de resistência (68,8%) para todos os 14 gêneros frente ao amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico, seguido por cefoxitina (63,8%) e ampicilina (63,8%). Das cepas bacterianas que apresentaram halo fantasma, 6 (12,76%) foram resistentes ao aztreonam, 1 (2,12%) foi resistente a ceftazidima, 1 (2,12%) para cefoxitina, e 1 (2,12%) resistente contra cefotaxima. Duas principais rotas migratórias de aves passam pelo território brasileiro, uma rota central e outra atlântica, ambas iniciando do norte do Canadá até o sul da Argentina. A amplitude de extensão dessas rotas possibilita o contato entre diferentes espécies nativas e migratórias de aves. Portanto, se faz importante o monitoramento de aves silvestres nos locais de invernada do  Brasil, pois podem desempenhar importante local para a disseminação de microrganismos resistentes a antimicrobianos entre as espécies

In-Depth Genomic Characterization of a Meropenem-nonsusceptible Pseudomonas otitidis Strain Contaminating Chicken Carcass

Background: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in food-animal production has a major impact on public health, particularly in terms of contributing to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the food-animal production chain. Although Pseudomonas species are recognized as important spoilage organisms in foodstuff, they are also known as opportunistic pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infections. Furthermore, Pseudomonas can play a role as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes, which may be horizontally transferred to other bacteria. Considering that cephalosporins (3rd and higher generations) and carbapenems are critically important beta-lactam antimicrobials in human medicine, this study reports the occurrence and genomic characterization of a meropenem-nonsusceptible Pseudomonas otitidis strain recovered from a chicken carcass in Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: During the years 2018-2019, 72 frozen chicken carcasses were purchased on the retail market from different regions in Brazil. Aliquots from individual carcass rinses were screened for Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in MacConkey agar supplemented with 1mg.L-1 cefotaxime. Phenotypically resistant isolates were further tested for resistance to other antimicrobials and confirmed as ESBL-producers by means of disk-diffusion method using Müller-Hinton agar. Only one meropenen-nonsusceptible isolate was detected and submitted to whole genome sequencing (WGS) in Illumina Miseq. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas otitidis by local alignment of the 16S rRNA sequence using BLASTn and confirmed by Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis using JspeciesWS database. Genes encoding for antimicrobial resistance were detected by means of Resfinder and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) databases. The phenotypic non-susceptibility to meropenen was attributed to the gene blaPOM-1. A total of 192 different genes encoding for quorum sensing system, antiphagocytosis, iron uptake, efflux pump, endotoxin and toxin, adherence, and secretion systems were detected by means of Virulence Factor Database (VFDB). Pseudomonas otitidis-pan genome was built using Roary-rapid large-scale prokaryote pan genome analysis using the present strain (K_25) and other two P. otitidis genomes (PAM-1, DSM 17224) publicly available at the NCBI. The core genome analysis of the two human strains resulted in similar percentages.Discussion: Carbapenems are critically important drugs for human health and bacterial strains resistant to these antimicrobials pose a public health problem. The blaPOM-1 gene harbored by the Pseudomonas otitidis K_25 strain encodes a metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) conferring resistance to carbapenems. Pseudomonas otitidis was the first confirmed pathogenic Pseudomonas species expressing MBL constitutively in the absence of inducible beta-lactamase genes. Furthermore, the several virulence genes associated with the capacity of the P. otitidis K_25 to colonize, evade the immune system and cause lesions in the human host confirm this strain as a potential opportunistic pathogen contaminating foodstuff. These reinforce the need to address antimicrobial resistance in a One Health perspective, in which resistant bacteria and resistance determinants circulate among environment, animals and humans

In-depth genomic characterization of a meropenem-nonsusceptible Pseudomonas otitidis strain contaminating chicken carcass

Background: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in food-animal production has a major impact on public health, particularly in terms of contributing to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the food-animal production chain. Although Pseudomonas species are recognized as important spoilage organisms in foodstuff, they are also known as opportunistic pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infections. Furthermore, Pseudomonas can play a role as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes, which may be horizontally transferred to other bacteria. Considering that cephalosporins (3rd and higher generations) and carbapenems are critically important beta-lactam antimicrobials in human medicine, this study reports the occurrence and genomic characterization of a meropenem-nonsusceptible Pseudomonas otitidis strain recovered from a chicken carcass in Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: During the years 2018-2019, 72 frozen chicken carcasses were purchased on the retail market from different regions in Brazil. Aliquots from individual carcass rinses were screened for Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in MacConkey agar supplemented with 1mg.L-1 cefotaxime. Phenotypically resistant isolates were further tested for resistance to other antimicrobials and confirmed as ESBL-producers by means of disk-diffusion method using Müller-Hinton agar. Only one meropenen-nonsusceptible isolate was detected and submitted to whole genome sequencing (WGS) in Illumina Miseq. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas otitidis by local alignment of the 16S rRNA sequence using BLASTn and confirmed by Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis using JspeciesWS database. Genes encoding for antimicrobial resistance were detected by means of Resfinder and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) databases. The phenotypic non-susceptibility to meropenen was attributed to the gene blaPOM-1. A total of 192 different genes encoding for quorum sensing system, antiphagocytosis, iron uptake, efflux pump, endotoxin and toxin, adherence, and secretion systems were detected by means of Virulence Factor Database (VFDB). Pseudomonas otitidis-pan genome was built using Roary-rapid large-scale prokaryote pan genome analysis using the present strain (K_25) and other two P. otitidis genomes (PAM-1, DSM 17224) publicly available at the NCBI. The core genome analysis of the two human strains resulted in similar percentages. Discussion: Carbapenems are critically important drugs for human health and bacterial strains resistant to these antimicrobials pose a public health problem. The blaPOM-1 gene harbored by the Pseudomonas otitidis K_25 strain encodes a metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) conferring resistance to carbapenems. Pseudomonas otitidis was the first confirmed pathogenic Pseudomonas species expressing MBL constitutively in the absence of inducible beta-lactamase genes. Furthermore, the several virulence genes associated with the capacity of the P. otitidis K_25 to colonize, evade the immune system and cause lesions in the human host confirm this strain as a potential opportunistic pathogen contaminating foodstuff. These reinforce the need to address antimicrobial resistance in a One Health perspective, in which resistant bacteria and resistance determinants circulate among environment, animals and humans