APROVECHAMIENTO DE ESCORIAS METÁLICAS EN LADRILLOS CERÁMICOS: UNA REVISIÓN

Este documento presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre el aprovechamiento de diversas escorias metálicas en la fabricación de ladrillos cerámicos, con el objetivo de describir y analizar el comportamiento de estas unidades de ladrillo modificados, que consiste en sustituir un porcentaje del total de arcilla para una unidad de ladrillo, buscando mejorar sus propiedades mecánicas, en investigaciones realizadas, han dado muestra de óptimos resultados, al utilizar escorias de plomo, acero, bronce, ferrocromo, lodos, entre otros, pudiéndose reciclar y darlo el uso ya antes mencionado, así poder disminuir los impactos ambientales, provocadas por la contaminación que dichos residuos generan y agregar un plus en el rubro de la construcción. Se revisaron 35 artículos indexados entre los años 2012 al 2020 los cuales se distribuyen de la siguiente manera: 5 artículos son de Scopus, 3 de ResearchGate, 11 de ScienceDirect y 6 de Scielo, 8 de ProQuest, 2 de Latindex 2.0, sobre escorias metálicas, caracterización de arcillas y ladrillo cerámico

EVALUACIÓN DE LA ECUACIÓN GENERAL DEL USBR PARA EL DISEÑO DE ALIVIADEROS TIPO CREAGER DE DESCARGA LIBRE

En la actualidad el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías para el diseño de aliviaderos tipo Craeger ha llevado a implementar modelos numéricos y físicos que permiten analizar la diversidad de formulaciones existentes y pues en ese sentido la presente investigación tiene por objetivo evaluar la ecuación general del United States Bureau Reclamation para el diseño de aliviaderos tipo Creager de descarga libre, escogiéndose como escenario de investigación el tramo de descarga del reservorio Tinajones en las inmediaciones del canal Taymi. La metodología de investigación fue del tipo cuantitativa y de diseño experimental, además fue necesario realizar mediciones de las estructuras hidráulicas existentes en la zona de estudio y se elaboró un registro de aforo del caudal en épocas de estiaje y de máximas avenidas. Los resultados que previamente fueron procesados en un modelamiento unidimensional indican que de las dos secciones propuestas para el diseño del aliviadero tipo Creager la que mejor comportamiento hidráulico desarrolla es la de sección rectangular respecto a una sección trapezoidal y también se concluye que las condiciones de diseño hidráulico se simplifican enormemente para la sección de óptimo desempeño

VALIDACIÓN DE LAS ECUACIONES EMPÍRICAS DE TRANSPORTE DE SEDIMENTOS POR ARRASTRE Y SUSPENSIÓN EMPLEANDO MEDICIONES EN CAMPO

El presente artículo de investigación da a conocer la validación de las ecuaciones empíricas de transporte de sedimentos por arrastre y suspensión empleando para ello mediciones de campo en el rìo Chancay – Lambayeque entre los puentes Pucalá y Monsefú – Éten. La problemática analizada de este trabajo es que al haber un aumento progresivo de los sedimentos en los ríos con material de fondo fino, estos tienden a reducir la capacidad hidráulica de la sección transversal provocando fallas en las riberas del mismo. Respecto a los trabajos de campo se realizaron mediciones de sedimentos con muestreadores manuales tipo Helley Smith y luego se llevaron a laboratorio para estudiar la granulometría, peso específico, velocidad de caída de partícula y concentración de sedimentos. La selección de los métodos se basó en la metodología de mejor ajuste destacando en los resultados con muy buena correlación las ecuaciones de Meyer – Peter y Müller, Schocklistch, Levi y Yalin para el transporte por arrastre y las ecuaciones de Chang, Simons & Richardson, Bagnold y Brooks para el transporte en suspensión que pueden ser aplicables para los ríos del norte del Perú

Extreme genetic fragility of the HIV-1 capsid

Genetic robustness, or fragility, is defined as the ability, or lack thereof, of a biological entity to maintain function in the face of mutations. Viruses that replicate via RNA intermediates exhibit high mutation rates, and robustness should be particularly advantageous to them. The capsid (CA) domain of the HIV-1 Gag protein is under strong pressure to conserve functional roles in viral assembly, maturation, uncoating, and nuclear import. However, CA is also under strong immunological pressure to diversify. Therefore, it would be particularly advantageous for CA to evolve genetic robustness. To measure the genetic robustness of HIV-1 CA, we generated a library of single amino acid substitution mutants, encompassing almost half the residues in CA. Strikingly, we found HIV-1 CA to be the most genetically fragile protein that has been analyzed using such an approach, with 70% of mutations yielding replication-defective viruses. Although CA participates in several steps in HIV-1 replication, analysis of conditionally (temperature sensitive) and constitutively non-viable mutants revealed that the biological basis for its genetic fragility was primarily the need to coordinate the accurate and efficient assembly of mature virions. All mutations that exist in naturally occurring HIV-1 subtype B populations at a frequency >3%, and were also present in the mutant library, had fitness levels that were >40% of WT. However, a substantial fraction of mutations with high fitness did not occur in natural populations, suggesting another form of selection pressure limiting variation in vivo. Additionally, known protective CTL epitopes occurred preferentially in domains of the HIV-1 CA that were even more genetically fragile than HIV-1 CA as a whole. The extreme genetic fragility of HIV-1 CA may be one reason why cell-mediated immune responses to Gag correlate with better prognosis in HIV-1 infection, and suggests that CA is a good target for therapy and vaccination strategies

Diagnosing delirium in elderly Thai patients: Utilization of the CAM algorithm

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Delirium is a common illness among elderly hospitalized patients. However, under-recognition of the condition by non-psychiatrically trained personnel is prevalent. This study investigated the performance of family physicians when detecting delirum in elderly hospitalized Thai patients using the Thai version of the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) algorithm.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A Thai version of the CAM algorithm was developed, and three experienced Thai family physicians were trained in its use. The diagnosis of delirium was also carried out by four fully qualified psychiatrists using DSM-IV TR criteria, which can be considered the gold standard. Sixty-six elderly patients were assessed with MMSE Thai 2002, in order to evaluate whether they had dementia upon admission. Within three days of admission, each patient was interviewed separately by a psychiatrist using DSM-IV TR, and a family physician using the Thai version of the CAM algorithm, with both sets of interviewers diagnosing for delirium.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The CAM algorithm tool, as used by family physicians, demonstrated a sensitivity of 91.9% and a specificity of 100.0%, with a PPV of 100.0% and an NPV of 90.6%. Interrater agreement between the family physicians and the psychiatrists was good (Cohen's Kappa = 0.91, p < 0.0001). The mean of the time the family physicians spent using CAM algorithm was significantly briefer than that of the psychiatrists using DSM-IV TR.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Family physicians performed well when diagnosing delirium in elderly hospitalized Thai patients using the Thai version of the CAM algorithm, showing that this measurement tool is suitable for use by non-psychiatrically trained personnel, being short, quick, and easy to administer. However, proper training on use of the algorithm is required.</p

Variation in life history traits and transcriptome associated with adaptation to diet shifts in the ladybird Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

Background: Despite the broad diet range of many predatory ladybirds, the mechanisms involved in their adaptation to diet shifts are not completely understood. Here, we explored how a primarily coccidophagous ladybird Cryptolaemus montrouzieri adapts to feeding on aphids. Results: Based on the lower survival rate, longer developmental time, and lower adult body weight and reproduction rate of the predator, the aphid Megoura japonica proved being less suitable to support C. montrouzieri as compared with the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri. The results indicated up-regulation of genes related to ribosome and translation in fourth instars, which may be related to their suboptimal development. Also, several genes related to biochemical transport and metabolism, and detoxification were up-regulated as a result of adaptation to the changes in nutritional and non-nutritional (toxic) components of the prey. Conclusion: Our results indicated that C. montrouzieri succeeded in feeding on aphids by regulation of genes related to development, digestion and detoxification. Thus, we argue that these candidate genes are valuable for further studies of the functional evolution of ladybirds led by diet shifts

The Open AUC Project

Progress in analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) has been hindered by obstructions to hardware innovation and by software incompatibility. In this paper, we announce and outline the Open AUC Project. The goals of the Open AUC Project are to stimulate AUC innovation by improving instrumentation, detectors, acquisition and analysis software, and collaborative tools. These improvements are needed for the next generation of AUC-based research. The Open AUC Project combines on-going work from several different groups. A new base instrument is described, one that is designed from the ground up to be an analytical ultracentrifuge. This machine offers an open architecture, hardware standards, and application programming interfaces for detector developers. All software will use the GNU Public License to assure that intellectual property is available in open source format. The Open AUC strategy facilitates collaborations, encourages sharing, and eliminates the chronic impediments that have plagued AUC innovation for the last 20 years. This ultracentrifuge will be equipped with multiple and interchangeable optical tracks so that state-of-the-art electronics and improved detectors will be available for a variety of optical systems. The instrument will be complemented by a new rotor, enhanced data acquisition and analysis software, as well as collaboration software. Described here are the instrument, the modular software components, and a standardized database that will encourage and ease integration of data analysis and interpretation software

A large multi-country outbreak of monkeypox across 41 countries in the WHO European Region, 7 March to 23 August 2022

Following the report of a non-travel-associated cluster of monkeypox cases by the United Kingdom in May 2022, 41 countries across the WHO European Region have reported 21,098 cases and two deaths by 23 August 2022. Nowcasting suggests a plateauing in case notifications. Most cases (97%) are MSM, with atypical rash-illness presentation. Spread is mainly through close contact during sexual activities. Few cases are reported among women and children. Targeted interventions of at-risk groups are needed to stop further transmission. © 2022 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). All rights reserved.The authors affiliated with the World Health Organization (WHO) are alone responsible for the views expressed in this publication and they do not necessarily represent the decisions or policies of the WHO. The co-author is a fellow of the ECDC Fellowship Programme, supported financially by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). The views and opinions expressed herein do not state or reflect those of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for the data and information collation and analysis and cannot be held liable for conclusions or opinions drawn