208 research outputs found

    Perspectivas comparadas en historia reciente del cono sur: informes sobre las violaciones de derechos humanos, sanción penal y cambios legislativos del siglo XXI

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    Es posible individualizar una cadena esclarecimiento-sanción, en la manera como en los países del Cono Sur de América Latina se redactaron los informes sobre las violaciones de derechos humanos, cometidas durante las dictaduras cívico-militares de las décadas 70 y 80, de los que se siguió una sanción penal de las mismas. Comparando los casos de Argentina, Chile y Uruguay intentamos individualizar permanencias y diferencias en un contexto donde los cortes y las continuidades de hegemonía política parecen ser la interpretación clave

    Barcellona e Madrid

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    La Catalogna mediterranea \ue8 una lunga striscia fertile di quasi 700 chilometri che, nella parte centrale, ha alle spalle la Castiglia (oggi Castilla - La Mancha) che era e per molti versi resta un deserto sia geologico sia demografico. Basta prendere un brevissimo volo da Valencia a Madrid in una giornata di sole (sono infinite) per cogliere il brusco cambiare dal verde vivo valenciano alla terra riarsa di Cuenca e Albacete. Ma la Pancatalogna va oltre lo stato spagnolo. Vi sono infatti il Rossiglione e la Cerdagna, territori pirenaici ceduti dalla Spagna alla Francia nel 1659. I pancatalanisti chiamano quella regione Catalogna del Nord. Inoltre vi \ue8 il principato di Andorra e la citt\ue0 sarda di Alghero, la storia linguistica della quale molto racconta della propensione mediterranea dei catalani. Ma quante Catalogne esistono? Quali sono i limiti della Catalogna in senso spaziale, geografico

    TPLATE recruitment reveals endocytic dynamics at sites of symbiotic interface assembly in arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions

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    Introduction: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis between soil fungi and the majority of plants is based on a mutualistic exchange of organic and inorganic nutrients. This takes place inside root cortical cells that harbor an arbuscule: a highly branched intracellular fungal hypha enveloped by an extension of the host cell membrane—the perifungal membrane—which outlines a specialized symbiotic interface compartment. The perifungal membrane develops around each intracellular hypha as the symbiotic fungus proceeds across the root tissues; its biogenesis is the result of an extensive exocytic process and shows a few similarities with cell plate insertion which occurs at the end of somatic cytokinesis. Materials and Methods: We here analyzed the subcellular localization of a GFP fusion with TPLATE, a subunit of the endocytic TPLATE complex (TPC), a central actor in plant clathrin-mediated endocytosis with a role in cell plate anchoring with the parental plasma membrane. Results: Our observations demonstrate that Daucus carota and Medicago truncatula root organ cultures expressing a 35S::AtTPLATE-GFP construct accumulate strong fluorescent green signal at sites of symbiotic interface construction, along recently formed perifungal membranes and at sites of cell-to-cell hyphal passage between adjacent cortical cells, where the perifungal membrane fuses with the plasmalemma. Discussion: Our results strongly suggest that TPC-mediated endocytic processes are active during perifungal membrane interface biogenesis—alongside exocytic transport. This novel conclusion, which might be correlated to the accumulation of late endosomes in the vicinity of the developing interface, hints at the involvement of TPC-dependent membrane remodeling during the intracellular accommodation of AM fungi
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