25 research outputs found

    Study of the HAT/HDAC balance in neuroprotection : evidence of CBP's neuroprotective role and therapeutic effects of HDAC inhibitors,Application in a mice model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

    No full text
    L'apoptose neuronale peut s'enclencher de manière inappropriée lors de maladies neurodégénératives. Elle requiert un programme génétique dont l'activation résulte notamment de régulations épigénétiques comme l'acétylation des histones. L'objectif de cetteNeuronal apoptosis (programmed cell death) occurs pathologically in neurodegenerative diseases. It requires a specific genetic program whose application results at least partly from epigenetic regulations such as histone acetylation. The aim of this thes

    Study of the HAT/HDAC balance in neuroprotection : evidence of CBP's neuroprotective role and therapeutic effects of HDAC inhibitors,Application in a mice model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

    No full text
    L'apoptose neuronale peut s'enclencher de manière inappropriée lors de maladies neurodégénératives. Elle requiert un programme génétique dont l'activation résulte notamment de régulations épigénétiques comme l'acétylation des histones. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'évaluer le rôle des histone acétyltransférases (HATs)/histone déacétylases (HDACs) dans la survie et la mort neuronale. Les résultats, obtenus dans un modèle d'apoptose neuronale in vitro, et dans un modèle murin de sclérose latérale amyotrophique (maladie neurodégénérative d'issue fatale affectant les motoneurones) convergent vers la perte d'une HAT particulière, CBP, et une diminution des niveaux d'acétylation, selon deux nouveaux mécanismes : clivage par la caspase-6 et répression transcriptionnelle. L'inhibition des HDACs par le valproate de sodium s'avère neuroprotectrice in vitro et in vivo, permet l'amélioration de l'état de santé des animaux et est encourageante dans le traitement des maladies neurodégénératives.Neuronal apoptosis (programmed cell death) occurs pathologically in neurodegenerative diseases. It requires a specific genetic program whose application results at least partly from epigenetic regulations such as histone acetylation. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the role of histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC) in neuronal survival and death. Our results, obtained in a simplified cellular model of neuronal apoptosis and in a in vivo model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons) point to the loss of a specific HAT, CBP, and histone deacetylation, according to two new mechanisms: caspase-6-mediated proteolytic cleavage and gene repression. HDAC inhibition by sodium valproate maintains proper acetylation levels, displays neuroprotective functions both in vitro and in vivo, increases animals sate of health and is then very promising as a therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases

    Vers une régénération induite du système nerveux

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    Combinant une connaissance grandissante des processus de neurogenèse et de spécification neuronale aux découvertes récentes des mécanismes moléculaires et épigénétiques qui gouvernent l’acquisition et le maintien de l’identité cellulaire, les approches de programmation de cellules pluripotentes et de reprogrammation de cellules somatiques en neurones à des fins thérapeutiques se multiplient. Dans cette synthèse, nous revenons sur les travaux qui ont permis l’obtention de neurones à partir de cellules cérébrales en culture, et discutons les très récents résultats de conversion directe de cellules neurales in vivo, qui constituent désormais les fondements de la régénération induite du système nerveux central par ses propres cellules

    Etude du rôle de la balance HAT/HDAC dans les phénomènes de neurodégénérescence (Mise en évidence du rôle neuroprotecteur de CBP et des effets thérapeutiques des inhibiteurs de HDAC sur un modèle murin de sclérose latérale amyotrophique)

    No full text
    L apoptose neuronale peut s enclencher de manière inappropriée lors de maladies neurodégénératives. Elle requiert un programme génétique dont l activation résulte notamment de régulations épigénétiques comme l acétylation des histones. L objectif de cette thèse était d évaluer le rôle des histone acétyltransférases (HATs)/histone déacétylases (HDACs) dans la survie et la mort neuronale. Les résultats, obtenus dans un modèle d apoptose neuronale in vitro, et dans un modèle murin de sclérose latérale amyotrophique (maladie neurodégénérative d issue fatale affectant les motoneurones) convergent vers la perte d une HAT particulière, CBP, et une diminution des niveaux d acétylation, selon deux nouveaux mécanismes: clivage par la caspase-6 et répression transcriptionnelle. L inhibition des HDACs par le valproate de sodium s avère neuroprotectrice in vitro et in vivo, permet l amélioration de l état de santé des animaux et est encourageante dans le traitement des maladies neurodégénératives.Neuronal apoptosis (programmed cell death) occurs pathologically in neurodegenerative diseases. It requires a specific genetic program whose application results at least partly from epigenetic regulations such as histone acetylation. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the role of histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC) in neuronal survival and death. Our results, obtained in a simplified cellular model of neuronal apoptosis and in a in vivo model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons) point to the loss of a specific HAT, CBP, and histone deacetylation, according to two new mechanisms: caspase-6-mediated proteolytic cleavage and gene repression. HDAC inhibition by sodium valproate maintains proper acetylation levels, displays neuroprotective functions both in vitro and in vivo, increases animals sate of health and is then very promising as a therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases.STRASBOURG-Sc. et Techniques (674822102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Etude du rôle de la balance HAT/HDAC dans les phénomènes de neurodégénérescence (Mise en évidence du rôle neuroprotecteur de CBP et des effets thérapeutiques des inhibiteurs de HDAC sur un modèle murin de sclérose latérale amyotrophique)

    No full text
    L apoptose neuronale peut s enclencher de manière inappropriée lors de maladies neurodégénératives. Elle requiert un programme génétique dont l activation résulte notamment de régulations épigénétiques comme l acétylation des histones. L objectif de cette thèse était d évaluer le rôle des histone acétyltransférases (HATs)/histone déacétylases (HDACs) dans la survie et la mort neuronale. Les résultats, obtenus dans un modèle d apoptose neuronale in vitro, et dans un modèle murin de sclérose latérale amyotrophique (maladie neurodégénérative d issue fatale affectant les motoneurones) convergent vers la perte d une HAT particulière, CBP, et une diminution des niveaux d acétylation, selon deux nouveaux mécanismes: clivage par la caspase-6 et répression transcriptionnelle. L inhibition des HDACs par le valproate de sodium s avère neuroprotectrice in vitro et in vivo, permet l amélioration de l état de santé des animaux et est encourageante dans le traitement des maladies neurodégénératives.Neuronal apoptosis (programmed cell death) occurs pathologically in neurodegenerative diseases. It requires a specific genetic program whose application results at least partly from epigenetic regulations such as histone acetylation. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the role of histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC) in neuronal survival and death. Our results, obtained in a simplified cellular model of neuronal apoptosis and in a in vivo model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons) point to the loss of a specific HAT, CBP, and histone deacetylation, according to two new mechanisms: caspase-6-mediated proteolytic cleavage and gene repression. HDAC inhibition by sodium valproate maintains proper acetylation levels, displays neuroprotective functions both in vitro and in vivo, increases animals sate of health and is then very promising as a therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases.STRASBOURG-Sc. et Techniques (674822102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    From Environment to Gene Expression: Epigenetic Methylations and One-Carbon Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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    The etiology of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is complex and considered multifactorial. The majority of ALS cases are sporadic, but familial cases also exist. Estimates of heritability range from 8% to 61%, indicating that additional factors beyond genetics likely contribute to ALS. Numerous environmental factors are considered, which may add up and synergize throughout an individual’s lifetime building its unique exposome. One level of integration between genetic and environmental factors is epigenetics, which results in alterations in gene expression without modification of the genome sequence. Methylation reactions, targeting DNA or histones, represent a large proportion of epigenetic regulations and strongly depend on the availability of methyl donors provided by the ubiquitous one-carbon (1C) metabolism. Thus, understanding the interplay between exposome, 1C metabolism, and epigenetic modifications will likely contribute to elucidating the mechanisms underlying altered gene expression related to ALS and to developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Here, we review evidence for 1C metabolism alterations and epigenetic methylation dysregulations in ALS, with a focus on the impairments reported in neural tissues, and discuss these environmentally driven mechanisms as the consequences of cumulative exposome or late environmental hits, but also as the possible result of early developmental defects

    Progenitor diversity and neural cell specification in the central nervous system

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    The central nervous system continuously perceives, integrates, processes and generates information. These complex functions rely on the detailed elaboration of its cellular network and on the myriads of individual, highly differentiated and specialized cell types, classically subdivided into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The specification of these individual populations begins early during development with less differentiated, yet already partly restricted, progenitor cells. Anatomically located in dedicated germinative niches, neural progenitors perceive the influence of diffusible molecules of various natures and concentrations. These signals result in the initial specialization of cohorts of progenitors that express unique combinations of transcription factors. It is now clearly established that both extrinsic and intrinsic signals act in concert to determine the fate potentials of these progenitor cohorts. This limitation increases over time, adult neural progenitors being more restricted than their developmental counterparts. Nevertheless, recent data have shown that the fate restriction of neural progenitors, as well as that of their progenies, can be overwritten upon selected intrinsic factor expression, not only during development but also in adulthood. This e-book is a collection of original research studies along with review articles that, together, provide insights into the vast spatiotemporal diversity of neural progenitors, and the various factors that govern their fate potential

    Unmasking the skiptic task of TDP‐43

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    International audienceThe mechanism by which mutations in TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) cause neurodegeneration remains incompletely understood. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Fratta et al (2018) describe how a point mutation in the C‐terminal low complexity domain of TDP‐43 leads to the skipping of otherwise constitutively conserved exons. In vivo, this mutation triggers late‐onset progressive neuromuscular disturbances, as seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), suggesting that TDP‐43 splicing gain‐of‐function contributes to ALS pathogenesis
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