59 research outputs found

    Tabagismo passivo e câncer de pulmão:: revisão integrativa de metanálises

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    Objetivo: realizar uma revisão integrativa de metanálises sobre o câncer de pulmão e sua associação com o tabagismo passivo a fim de aumentar a base de evidências para as políticas públicas. Metodologia: revisão integrativa da literatura, realizou-se uma busca online na base de dados PubMed. Foram incluídas apenas metanálises publicadas entre 1980 e 2012. Resultados: os artigos selecionados revelaram que existe uma associação entre tabagismo passivo e câncer de pulmão, com odds ratio entre 1,16 e 1,44. No ambiente de trabalho o odds ratio variou entre. 1,04 e 1,68. Os níveis de poluição tabágica ambiental em restaurantes podem ser até 1,5 vezes maiores do que em residências com um tabagista e duas vezes maiores do que em escritórios. Em bares, esses níveis podem ser mais de seis vezes maiores do que os observados em escritórios onde é permitido fumar.  Não foi encontrada nenhuma diferença expressiva entre o risco de adoecimento e gênero. Conclusão: Nas metanálises avaliadas sobre câncer de pulmão, as evidências disponíveis sugerem que o tabagismo passivo é uma causa importante de câncer de pulmão, configurando-se como um entrave para se alcançar transformações necessárias para maior efetividade nas ações de redução da morbimortalidade por câncer de pulmão. &nbsp

    Factors associated with speech, hearing and language disorders among children in a primary care outpatient center

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    Introduction: Appropriate communication behaviors are developed when the complex language processes are well-balanced. Objective: To investigate the occurrence of hearing and speech disorders and their associated factors in children. Methods: Study based on interviews with secondary informants of 95 children of a waiting list  for a medical  consultant in a public pediatric primary care unit in a medium-sized city in southern Brazil. The interaction between the independent variables: gender, age, hearing complaints, bottle feeding and/or pacifier and number of siblings with the dependents variables: speech disorders and hearing impairment was verified. Data analysis included descriptive and analytical statistics (bivariate chi-square and Fisher's Exact test) with significance level at 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Results: Seventy-nine (83.2%) respondents reported that the child hears well, and 16 (16.8%) didn’t answer on this issue. The prevalence of oral breathing among respondents was 68.9% (62 children), 82,5% (52  children) had a history of breastfeeding and 22% (11 children) demonstrated signs of a speech disorder.  Of school-age children, 3 (12.5%) reported learning difficulties. Mouth breathing appears to be associated with speech disorders (p = 0.041). Sex (p= 0.3), age (p = 0.3) and pacifier use and/or bottle (p = 0.96, p = 0.33) were not associated with speech disorders. Conclusion: The prevalence of speech disorders in the children studied was 22%. The sex, age or suspected hearing impairment were not associated with the occurrence of speech disorders and/or hearing complaints in the children studied

    Prevenção de infecção hospitalar em unidades de internação pediátrica: uma revisão da literatura

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    Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as medidas de prevenção à infecção hospitalar em unidades de internação pediátrica como fator de redução da morbimortalidade e de danos à saúde da criança. Métodos: A legislação vigente no que se refere ao controle da infecção hospitalar também foi consultada. Como método, adotou-se a revisão bibliográfica. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram as seguintes medidas como fundamentais para a prevenção e o controle da infecção hospitalar nas unidades de internação pediátrica: adequada utilização dos isolamentos e das medidas de precaução; orientação e educação dos familiares e acompanhantes da criança hospitalizada; e educação continuada da equipe de enfermagem, destacando-se a importância da lavagem das mãos. Conclusão: É fundamental que o profissional de enfermagem tenha sólido conhecimento acerca da legislação do País sobre o controle de infecção no ambiente hospitalar, a fim de que possa exigir que orientações e normativas sejam cumpridas pelos estabelecimentos assistenciais de saúde, colaborando para uma assistência de qualidade à criança hospitalizada

    Developing the nurses’ bond with HIV-positive pregnant women / A construção do vínculo das enfermeiras da estratégia de saúde da família com as gestantes HIV positivo

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    Objetivo: conhecer a percepção das enfermeiras em relação à construção do vínculo na assistência prestada na Estratégia de Saúde da Família com as gestantes HIV positivo. Método: Para coleta das informações foi utilizada a entrevista semiestruturada com dez voluntárias. A análise das informações foi realizada sob a luz da Razão Sensível. Resultados: Após análise, emergiram duas categorias: 1) O vínculo vivido e pensado como cuidado solidário e humanístico e, 2) A construção do vínculo como elo que favorece o desenvolvimento das ações de saúde.  Foi possível apreender que as enfermeiras mantêm o vínculo após encaminhar a gestante ao serviço especializado ou seria este vínculo passível de ser construído mesmo ao encaminhá-las. Conclusão: Nessa relação, a enfermeira visualiza a possibilidade de estar-junto à gestante, proporcionando ações que possibilitem mantê-la em acompanhamento na unidade.

    Predictors of in-hospital mortality among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis : a systematic review and meta-analysis

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    Background: There is uncertainty regarding which factors are associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with pulmonary TB (PTB). The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality among patients with PTB. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Global Health, for cohort and case-control studies that reported risk factors for inhospital mortality in PTB. We pooled all factors that were assessed for an association, and presented relative associations as pooled odds ratios (ORs). Results: We identified 2,969 records, of which we retrieved 51 in full text; 11 cohort studies that evaluated 5,468 patients proved eligible. Moderate quality evidence suggested an association with co-morbid malignancy and in-hospital mortality (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.01–3.40). Low quality evidence showed no association with positive sputum smear (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.40–2.48), or male sex (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.84–1.41), and very low quality evidence showed no association with diabetes mellitus (OR 1.31, 95% IC 0.38–4.46), and previous TB infection (OR 2.66, 95% CI 0.48–14.87). Conclusion: Co-morbid malignancy was associated with increased risk of in-hospital death among pulmonary TB patients. There is insufficient evidence to confirm positive sputum smear, male sex, diabetes mellitus, and previous TB infection as predictors of in-hospital mortality in TB patients

    Impact of introduction of Xpert MTB/RIF test on tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in a city with high TB incidence in Brazil

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    Background Xpert MTB/RIF is increasingly used in many countries as the initial diagnostic test for tuberculosis (TB). Few studies have evaluated the effect of Xpert on TB diagnosis under programmatic conditions in Brazil. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of introduction of Xpert MTB/RIF on TB diagnosis in a city with high TB incidence in Brazil. Methods We included patients evaluated with conventional diagnostic tests during one year before Xpert introduction (pre-Xpert group) and patients evaluated using Xpert during one year after the test introduction (post-Xpert group). Results 620 patients met the inclusion criteria (208 in the pre-Xpert group and 412 in the postXpert group) and were included in the analysis. The time until TB diagnosis was shorter in post-Xpert group (0.7 day, IQR: 0.5–1.0 day) than in pre-Xpert group (2.0 days, IQR: 2.0– 2.0 days) (p<0.0001). Atypical disease characteristics, such as less weight loss, fever, dyspnea, night sweats, and hemoptysis; a negative sputum smear; a negative culture, and a chest X-ray atypical of TB were more common in post-Xpert group than in pre-Xpert group (p<0.0001 for all). Conclusions We found that the implementation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay, under programmatic conditions, improve and facilitate TB diagnosis, especially in cases with atypical disease manifestations. These results are likely to be generalizable to settings with a similar high TB incidence

    The use of information and communication technology in continuing education in tuberculosis

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    Introduction: The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) tools has been impacting health care. Distance learning has been used for the continuing improvement of healthcare workers (HCWs). In this systematic review, we evaluated the use of ICT in tuberculosis (TB) continuing education. Methods: We searched Medline and Embase for cross-sectional studies that included HCWs or students, and that reported participants’ learning level. Results: Four studies proved eligible. Three used online educational tools, and another one used CDroms and live video conferencing. All studies evaluated participants’ learning level through online pre- and post-tests. The quality of the studies was high. Conclusions: There is a paucity of studies evaluating distance learning in TB training. Continuing education of students and HCWs is essential for TB control. Accomplishing this is critical in increasing the skills and the numbers of qualified HCWs capable of meeting the health care needs of the population

    USO DE METODOLOGIAS ATIVAS NA MONITORIA DE INTRODUÇÃO À EPIDEMIOLOGIA: PERSPECTIVA DOS DISCENTES RECEPTORES - 72

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    Com a modernização da sociedade houve a necessidade de o processo de ensino- aprendizagem acompanhar essa evolução, a partir disso, surgiram as metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem, no intuito de revolucionar a participação do aluno no seu próprio processo de ensino, a ideia das novas propostas didáticas é preservar a autonomia dos estudantes, essa sistematização visa focar nos receptores de forma que se apresentem enquanto sujeitos ativos nela. Este trabalho tem como finalidade descrever o uso de metodologia ativa no exercício de monitoria e a percepção dos alunos sobre essa metodologia. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, em relação ao exercício de monitoria na disciplina de introdução à epidemiologia para o curso de graduação em saúde coletiva. A monitoria possibilitou adquirir entendimento do assunto, resgatando partes que poderiam passar despercebidas durante as aulas e sanando possíveis dúvidas. De acordo com o estudo, o uso de metodologias ativas aplicadas à monitoria da disciplina de introdução à epidemiologia foi relevante na concepção formada pelos alunos durante o exercício de monitoria

    Burnout Syndrome in Primary Health Care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic

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    Workers in Primary Health Care (PHC) play a key role in coping with COVID-19, which required personal and work-flow changes, causing physical and emotional overload and stress, which could lead to Burnout Syndrome (BS). The objective of this study was to check the prevalence of BS in health professionals working in PHC in the municipality of Curitibanos, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The research was carried out between November 2020 and May 2021, a sociodemographic questionnaire, and the Brazilian version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS), which contains 22 questions and three dimensions - Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP) and Personal Fulfillment (PF), were applied. Data were collected and analyzed descriptively with subsequent statistical comparison. Participants were50 volunteers aged 40.1 ± 9.5 years, time in the profession of 10.8 ± 7.9 years. Results of the MBI-HSS showed the prevalence of risk was moderate for EE and high for DP and PF. However, no significant difference was detected between the MBI-HSS dimensions and sociodemographic variables. In conclusion, the prevalence of risk was 17.6+11.4 points in EE (moderate); 6.6+5.0 points in DP (moderate) and 36.8+6.6 points in RP (high), indicating that the evaluated population already demands some need for contingency or preventive care because it has a clear predisposition to BS. However, there was no statistical association with sociodemographic variables

    Transarterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma : a comparison between nonspherical PVA and microspheres

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    Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and transarterial embolization (TAE) have improved the survival rates of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the optimal TACE/TAE embolic agent has not yet been identified. Theaim of this study was to compare the effect of two different embolic agents such as microspheres (ME) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on survival, tumor response, and complications in patients with HCC submitted to transarterial embolization (TAE). Eighty HCC patients who underwent TAE between June 2008 and December 2012 at a single center were retrospectively studied. A total of 48 and 32 patients were treated with PVA and ME, respectively. There were no significant differences in survival ( = 0.679) or tumoral response ( = 0.369) between groups (PVA or ME). Overall survival rates at 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48months were 97.9, 88.8, 78.9, 53.4, and 21.4% in the PVA-TAE group and 100, 92.9, 76.6, 58.8, and 58% in the ME-TAE group ( = 0.734). Patients submitted to TAE withME presented postembolization syndromemore frequently when compared with the PVA group ( = 0.02). According to our cohort, the choice of ME or PVA as embolizing agent had no significant impact on overall survival
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