ÉTUDE COMPARATIVE DANS LE SECTEUR DE L’AGRICULTURE DE L’UNION EUROPÉENNE

Le secteur agricole est un pilier central de la construction européenne et il occupe, des lors, une place prépondérante dans les politiques européennes. L’agriculture doit faire face a des défis importants, résultant de l’internationalisation et de la mondialisation des politiques et marchés agricoles. La cohésion sociale et économique tout comme la compétitivité économique donnent une nouvelle dimension européenne aux politiques agricoles communes et il y a lieu de les considérer en rapport avec les politiques en matiere de développement rural ainsi qu’avec les nécessités de développement durable. Un large éventail de problemes affecte actuellement le secteur, par exemple la surpopulation et le dépeuplement agricole, le vieillissement démographique, le niveau et la sécurité des revenus, l’ESB et la fievre aphteuse, les organismes génétiquement modifiés, la biodiversité, le changement climatique, la protection de l’environnement, l’opposition entre agriculture organique et agriculture productive, le bien-etre des animaux, l’érosion du sol et la gestion de l’eau. Les actuels problemes structurels ont des conséquences considérables, particulierement dans les nouveaux et les futurs États membres de l’UE.emploi agricole, structures agricoles, productivité, développement et croissance durable

Are you a SCEPTIC? SoCial mEdia Precision and uTility in Conferences

We analysed Twitter feeds at an emergency medicine scientific conference to determine the (1) accuracy of disseminated educational messages and the (2) use in providing rapid feedback to speakers. Most speakers were happy for key messages to be tweeted, and the majority of tweets (34/37) represented these accurately. It is important that speakers and conference organisers consider Twitter use and its potential benefits and disadvantages

ÉTUDE COMPARATIVE DANS LE SECTEUR DE L’AGRICULTURE DE L’UNION EUROPÉENNE

Le secteur agricole est un pilier central de la construction européenne et il occupe, des lors, une place prépondérante dans les politiques européennes. L’agriculture doit faire face a des défis importants, résultant de l’internationalisation et de la mondialisation des politiques et marchés agricoles. La cohésion sociale et économique tout comme la compétitivité économique donnent une nouvelle dimension européenne aux politiques agricoles communes et il y a lieu de les considérer en rapport avec les politiques en matiere de développement rural ainsi qu’avec les nécessités de développement durable. Un large éventail de problemes affecte actuellement le secteur, par exemple la surpopulation et le dépeuplement agricole, le vieillissement démographique, le niveau et la sécurité des revenus, l’ESB et la fievre aphteuse, les organismes génétiquement modifiés, la biodiversité, le changement climatique, la protection de l’environnement, l’opposition entre agriculture organique et agriculture productive, le bien-etre des animaux, l’érosion du sol et la gestion de l’eau. Les actuels problemes structurels ont des conséquences considérables, particulierement dans les nouveaux et les futurs États membres de l’UE

Patterns of Interaction Among Local Public Health Officials and the Adoption of Recommended Practices

The network that local health officials use to communicate about professional issues contains two groups of LHDs that are influential for either their ability to spread information or to innovate. Both groups are more likely to conduct community health assessments and develop health improvement plans. Since these activities are fundamental aspects of accreditation and health reform, the findings may present an early indication that these initiatives are having an effect on the public health system

Dietary salt intake and discretionary salt use in two general population samples in Australia: 2011 and 2014

The limited Australian measures to reduce population sodium intake through national initiatives targeting sodium in the food supply have not been evaluated. The aim was, thus, to assess if there has been a change in salt intake and discretionary salt use between 2011 and 2014 in the state of Victoria, Australia. Adults drawn from a population sample provided 24 h urine collections and reported discretionary salt use in 2011 and 2014. The final sample included 307 subjects who participated in both surveys, 291 who participated in 2011 only, and 135 subjects who participated in 2014 only. Analysis included adjustment for age, gender, metropolitan area, weekend collection and participation in both surveys, where appropriate. In 2011, 598 participants: 53% female, age 57.1(12.0)(SD) years and in 2014, 442 participants: 53% female, age 61.2(10.7) years provided valid urine collections, with no difference in the mean urinary salt excretion between 2011: 7.9 (7.6, 8.2) (95% CI) g/salt/day and 2014: 7.8 (7.5, 8.1) g/salt/day (p = 0.589), and no difference in discretionary salt use: 35% (2011) and 36% (2014) reported adding salt sometimes or often/always at the table (p = 0.76). Those that sometimes or often/always added salt at the table and when cooking had 0.7 (0.7, 0.8) g/salt/day (p = 0.0016) higher salt excretion. There is no indication over this 3-year period that national salt reduction initiatives targeting the food supply have resulted in a population reduction in salt intake. More concerted efforts are required to reduce the salt content of manufactured foods, together with a consumer education campaign targeting the use of discretionary salt

Protocol for the process evaluation of a complex, statewide intervention to reduce salt intake in Victoria, Australia

Systematic reviews of trials consistently demonstrate that reducing salt intake lowers blood pressure. However, there is limited evidence on how interventions function in the real world to achieve sustained population-wide salt reduction. Process evaluations are crucial for understanding how and why an intervention resulted in its observed effect in that setting, particularly for complex interventions. This project presents the detailed protocol for a process evaluation of a statewide strategy to lower salt intake in Victoria, Australia. We describe the pragmatic methods used to collect and analyse data on six process evaluation dimensions: reach, dose or adoption, fidelity, effectiveness, context and cost, informed by Linnan and Steckler’s framework and RE-AIM. Data collection methods include routinely collected administrative data; surveys of processed foods, the population, food industry and organizations; targeted campaign evaluation and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data will be triangulated to provide validation or context for one another. This process evaluation will contribute new knowledge about what components of the intervention are important to salt reduction strategies and how the interventions cause reduced salt intake, to inform the transferability of the program to other Australian states and territories. This protocol can be adapted for other population-based, complex, disease prevention interventions

Salt intake and dietary sources of salt on weekdays and weekend days in Australian adults

ObjectiveTo assess if there is a difference in salt intake (24 h urine collection and dietary recall) and dietary sources of salt (Na) on weekdays and weekend days.DesignA cross-sectional study of adults who provided one 24 h urine collection and one telephone-administered 24 h dietary recall.SettingCommunity-dwelling adults living in the State of Victoria, Australia.SubjectsAdults (n 598) who participated in a health survey (53&middot;5 % women; mean age 57&middot;1 (95 % CI 56&middot;2, 58&middot;1) years).ResultsMean (95 % CI) salt intake (dietary recall) was 6&middot;8 (6&middot;6, 7&middot;1) g/d and 24 h urinary salt excretion was 8&middot;1 (7&middot;8, 8&middot;3) g/d. Mean dietary and 24 h urinary salt (age-adjusted) were 0&middot;9 (0&middot;1, 1&middot;6) g/d (P=0&middot;024) and 0&middot;8 (0&middot;3, 1&middot;6) g/d (P=0&middot;0017), respectively, higher at weekends compared with weekdays. There was an indication of a greater energy intake at weekends (+0&middot;6 (0&middot;02, 1&middot;2) MJ/d, P=0&middot;06), but no difference in Na density (weekday: 291 (279, 304) mg/MJ; weekend: 304 (281, 327) mg/MJ; P=0&middot;360). Cereals/cereal products and dishes, meat, poultry, milk products and gravy/sauces accounted for 71 % of dietary Na.ConclusionsMean salt intake (24 h urine collection) was more than 60 % above the recommended level of 5 g salt/d and 8&ndash;14 % more salt was consumed at weekends than on weekdays. Substantial reductions in the Na content of staple foods, processed meat, sauces, mixed dishes (e.g. pasta), convenience and takeaway foods are required to achieve a significant consistent reduction in population salt intake throughout the week.<br /