Zeroth and Second Laws of Thermodynamics Simultaneously Questioned in the Quantum Microworld

Several models of quantum open systems are known at present to violate, according to principles of the standard quantum theory of open systems, the second law of thermodynamics. Here, a new and rather trivial model of another type is suggested describing mechanism that violates, according to the same principles, the zeroth and the second laws of thermodynamics simultaneously. Up to a technically minor modification, the model resembles some models already known, solved by standard means, and properly understood. Universal validity of two basic principles of thermodynamics in strictly quantum situations is thus simultaneously called in question.Comment: Extended reference list and acknowledgement

Regional E-Government - some problems from Czech regions point of view

The e-government should start with electronic collaboration of governmental departments. Several services, like email, video conference, discussion forums, use of shared documents, etc. should be supported for assisting the efficient and productive collaboration of remote governmental departments. Since the functionality of the provided services is well known, no detailed description of each service phase is provided. The services for citizens are offered through so called governmental portals. The typical use of a governmental portal is to provide information to the citizens and to support several types of citizen–government transactions (e.g. issuing birth certificates, submitting tax forms, conducting electronic payments, etc.). These services open security requirements for an e-Government platform. Their compilation has been based on the security requirements derived for each independent service suite, for the Authentication processes

Maximum Gain, Effective Area, and Directivity

Fundamental bounds on antenna gain are found via convex optimization of the current density in a prescribed region. Various constraints are considered, including self-resonance and only partial control of the current distribution. Derived formulas are valid for arbitrarily shaped radiators of a given conductivity. All the optimization tasks are reduced to eigenvalue problems, which are solved efficiently. The second part of the paper deals with superdirectivity and its associated minimal costs in efficiency and Q-factor. The paper is accompanied with a series of examples practically demonstrating the relevance of the theoretical framework and entirely spanning wide range of material parameters and electrical sizes used in antenna technology. Presented results are analyzed from a perspective of effectively radiating modes. In contrast to a common approach utilizing spherical modes, the radiating modes of a given body are directly evaluated and analyzed here. All crucial mathematical steps are reviewed in the appendices, including a series of important subroutines to be considered making it possible to reduce the computational burden associated with the evaluation of electrically large structures and structures of high conductivity.Comment: 12 pages, 15 figures, submitted to TA

Social-Economic Aspects of the Regional Development Within Transform Economics - Regional Development in CR After Year 1990.

In the beginning of the transformation CR i.e. after year 1990, with started always expressive display in plant regional differences resulting from transformation process and transition Czech economies on market conditions. It was been and still is endeavour these disparities measurably equalize by regional policy state supports structurally depressed and economic weak regions. Regional disparity solving, and with it closely related well-balanced development regions, together constitute long - term process pointing to restraint disequilibrium in mutual relations among economic, environmental and social pillar sustainability and economic growth. For the safeguard development regions is therefore possibly to create conditions for lessening negative regional disparity and utilize inner potential particular regions at respected principles maintainable development Regional disparity and their solving will have out of doubt of principle impact on strategic orientation regional development CR in years 2007 - 2013. Authors in their article deal with identification disparity between eligible regions in CR, analyze development regional policy and her influence over elimination or deepening disparity over the last 15 years. Last but not least think of over strategy hers next development for the next period.