INTERVENCIONES PARA LLEVAR A CABO LAS DECISIONES COMPARTIDAS EN ATENCIÓN PRIMARIA

RESUMEN ANTECEDENTES La toma de decisiones compartidas (TDC) es una forma de relación médico paciente aplicable a cualquier acto clínico, concretamente, cuando existe incertidumbre científica sobre los resultados de las diferentes opciones diagnósticas, terapéuticas y/o profilácticas. Se ha estudiado en enfermedades crónicas (elección de estilos de vida, adherencia al tratamiento), cáncer (mama, próstata), y en cuidados paliativos. Se encuadra en la llamada “atención centrada en el paciente” que implica organizar la atención a la salud pensando en los pacientes en vez de en los profesionales que la facilitan; las decisiones se adoptan de manera conjunta entre el equipo médico y el paciente, una vez que el paciente dispone de la información necesaria. OBJETIVOS Evaluar la efectividad de la toma de decisiones compartidas en las consultas de Atención Primaria en cuanto a los resultados clínicos, adherencia a los tratamientos, conflicto con las decisiones, satisfacción de profesionales y pacientes con el proceso y conocimiento de los pacientes sobre su enfermedad MÉTODO Se ha llevado a cabo una revisión sistemática de 104 artículos publicados en MEDLINE, CENTRAL y NHS, con diseño ensayo clínico aleatorizado controlado. Publicados en Inglés o Español o portugués. RESULTADOS De los 51 ensayos revisados, 28 han obtenido resultados clínicos estadísticamente significativos, principalmente en intensificación del tratamiento y en el cribado poblacional de cáncer de próstata y colorrectal en las consultas de Atención Primaria. Hubo diferencias significativas, mejorando la eficacia de las decisiones y disminuyendo el conflicto decisional en 7 artículos. En 14 estudios hubo una mayor satisfacción con la intervención que aplica las decisiones compartidas La adherencia al tratamiento no ha presentado resultados estadísticamente significativos. En 9 estudios los pacientes refieren una mejoría en el conocimiento de la medicación y de la propia enfermedad, percibiendo una mayor eficacia en la toma de decisiones. CONCLUSIONES La TDC es importante como nuevo modelo de relación médico-paciente, sobretodo en el ámbito de la Atención Primaria por el alto nivel de incertidumbre que la caracteriza, habiendo mostrado ser efectiva en el cribado de cáncer de próstata y en los conflictos derivados de la prescripción de antibióticos principalmente. No podemos concluir acerca de la efectividad de la TDC en las enfermedades estudiadas, para lo que será necesario realizar más estudios

Equity and patient autonomy in the care strategies for patients with chronic disease of health services in Spain

Objetivo Analizar los modelos de atención a pacientes crónicos de los distintos servicios de salud en España y discutir las cuestiones éticas derivadas de la aplicación de algunos de sus componentes. Método Revisión narrativa de las estrategias y de los programas de atención a pacientes crónicos y el estudio de sus componentes, a partir de la búsqueda en las páginas web de las consejerías y departamentos de sanidad, utilizando los términos “Programas”, “Estrategias”, “Pacientes crónicos” y “Cronicidad”. Resultados Se encontraron 15 programas. En la mayoría se incluyen todos los componentes de los modelos de atención a pacientes crónicos, siendo el «apoyo a la toma de decisiones» el menos representado. Los principales conflictos en la autonomía de los pacientes surgen por el uso de bigdata para estratificar a la población y la telemonitorización. La estratificación de la población no considera los factores sociales que acompañan a la enfermedad. Conclusiones Las estrategias de atención a pacientes crónicos deberían considerar la autonomía y la intimidad de los pacientes en el uso de los datos clínicos y la telemonitorización. Para ser equitativas, deberían prestar una atención integrada e incorporar medidas para reducir las desigualdades debidas a los determinantes sociales que acompañan a la enfermedad.Objective To examine the chronic care models of the different Spanish health services and to discuss the ethical questions derived from implementing some of their components. Method Narrative review of care strategies and programmes for chronic patients in the different Autonomous Communities, searching in official health departments’ web pages, using the terms “Programmes”, “Strategies”, “Chronic patients”, and “Chronicity”. Results 15 programmes were found. Most of them include all components of the chronic care model, “decision-making support” being under-represented. The main conflicts in the autonomy of patients arise from the use of big data to stratify the population and from telemonitoring. The stratification of population does not consider the social factors that accompany the disease. Conclusions Chronic care strategies should consider the autonomy and privacy of patients in the use of clinical data and telemonitoring. In order to be equitable, they would have to provide an integrated health care system, incorporating measures to reduce the inequalities due to the social determinants that accompany the disease

Nursing Care Ethical Implications Regarding Chronic Patients at Hospital Discharge

Mortality rates among pluripathological patients are significantly higher in the hospital setting, with advanced age and dependence on certain vital functions the main clinical aspects. Other features involved in the care, such as the loss of autonomy and social problems, have important ethical implications. The aim of this article is to analyze the health problems and the functional and social situation of chronic patients after hospital admission in order to determine their care needs and the ethical implications these might have. For this, a cross-sectional descriptive study is being carried out with a sample of 111 chronic pluripathological patients admitted to the internal medicine service and discharged later. Overall, 96.6% of the patients in the sample were dependent, 91.7% had social problems or were at social risk and 36.9% had cognitive impairment. Among dependent patients, 59.4% had social problems (p = 0.029), 19.2% lived alone (p = 0.13), and in 73.3% of cases the housing was inadequate (p = 0.47). Among those with cognitive impairment, 79.5% of patients had social problems (p = 0.001), and 10.3% lived alone (p = 0.038). The results of the study confirm the presence of dependence and social problems at hospital discharge in a high proportion of chronic patients. Planning their care can lead to ethical conflicts related to the use of information technologies, which are destined to promote the patients’ autonomy, and to the social problems associated with the illness

Interventions to facilitate shared decision-making using decision aids with patients in Primary Health Care

Background: Shared decision making (SDM) is a process within the physician–patient relationship applicable to any clinical action, whether diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive in nature. It has been defined as a process of mutual respect and participation between the doctor and the patient. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of decision aids (DA) in primary care based on changes in adherence to treatments, knowledge, and awareness of the disease, conflict with decisions, and patients’ and health professionals’ satisfaction with the intervention. Methods: A systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted in Medline, CINAHL, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the NHS Economic Evaluation Database. The inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials as study design; use of SDM with DA as an intervention; primary care as clinical context; written in English, Spanish, and Portuguese; and published between January 2007 and January 2019. The risk of bias of the included studies in this review was assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool. Results: Twenty four studies were selected out of the 201 references initially identified. With the use of DA, the use of antibiotics was reduced in cases of acute respiratory infection and decisional conflict was decreased when dealing with the treatment choice for atrial fibrillation and osteoporosis. The rate of determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the prostate cancer screening decreased and colorectal cancer screening increased. Both professionals and patients increased their knowledge about depression, type 2 diabetes, and the perception of risk of acute myocardial infarction at 10 years without statins and with statins. The satisfaction was greater with the use of DA in choosing the treatment for depression, in cardiovascular risk management, in the treatment of low back pain, and in the use of statin therapy in diabetes. Blinding of outcomes assessment was the most common bias. Conclusions: DA used in primary care are effective to reduce decisional conflict and improve knowledge on the disease and treatment options, awareness of risk, and satisfaction with the decisions made. More studies are needed to assess the impact of shared decision making in primary care

Interventions to facilitate shared decision-making using decision aids with patients in Primary Health Care

BACKGROUND: Shared decision making (SDM) is a process within the physician-patient relationship applicable to any clinical action, whether diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive in nature. It has been defined as a process of mutual respect and participation between the doctor and the patient. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of decision aids (DA) in primary care based on changes in adherence to treatments, knowledge, and awareness of the disease, conflict with decisions, and patients'' and health professionals'' satisfaction with the intervention. METHODS: A systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted in Medline, CINAHL, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the NHS Economic Evaluation Database. The inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials as study design; use of SDM with DA as an intervention; primary care as clinical context; written in English, Spanish, and Portuguese; and published between January 2007 and January 2019. The risk of bias of the included studies in this review was assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration''s tool. RESULTS: Twenty four studies were selected out of the 201 references initially identified. With the use of DA, the use of antibiotics was reduced in cases of acute respiratory infection and decisional conflict was decreased when dealing with the treatment choice for atrial fibrillation and osteoporosis. The rate of determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the prostate cancer screening decreased and colorectal cancer screening increased. Both professionals and patients increased their knowledge about depression, type 2 diabetes, and the perception of risk of acute myocardial infarction at 10 years without statins and with statins. The satisfaction was greater with the use of DA in choosing the treatment for depression, in cardiovascular risk management, in the treatment of low back pain, and in the use of statin therapy in diabetes. Blinding of outcomes assessment was the most common bias. CONCLUSIONS: DA used in primary care are effective to reduce decisional conflict and improve knowledge on the disease and treatment options, awareness of risk, and satisfaction with the decisions made. More studies are needed to assess the impact of shared decision making in primary care