811 research outputs found
The geoscience context for Europe's urban sustainability – lessons from Glasgow and beyond (CUSP): preface
In 2007, the proportion of the world’s population living in
urban areas exceeded that in rural environments for the first
time in history. The global urban population is expected to
rise by 66 % by 2050 (UN 2014). This threatens the sustainability
of cities, which face huge infrastructure and planning
challenges to meet the growing demand for urban living and
to provide equitable economic and social benefits as well as
environmental protection across communities.
The United Nations’ (UN) Sustainable Development Goals
acknowledge this in the UN’s Transforming our world: the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Of the 17 ‘Global
Goals’, Goal 11 in particular focuses on sustainability (to
achieve sustainable cities and communities by 2030), and
other goals in the Agenda are also relevant to sustainable
cities (e.g., Goal 6 addresses clean water and sanitation).
Despite these goals, the potential importance, and contribution,
of the subsurface to sustainable urban development (a
combination of economic, social and environmental factors)
is generally poorly appreciated.
The importance of the subsurface in relation to sustainable
development is exemplified by the general recognition in the
construction industry across the UK, Europe and the wider
world that insufficient understanding of subsurface ground
conditions is a key factor in overspending, project delays,
overly conservative design and a barrier to development (e.g.,
Clayton 2001; Parry 2009; Baynes 2010).
To address this, in the city of Glasgow (UK), the British
Geological Survey (BGS) has been working in partnership
with Glasgow City Council and other organisations over
a number of years. Under the Clyde-Urban Super-Project
(CUSP), three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D)
subsurface models and other geoscience datasets (geochemistry,
groundwater, engineering geology) have been developed specifically
as an aid to planning and development.
This Special Issue of the Earth and Environmental Science
Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh comprises a
collection of papers presented at the Conference on ‘The Geoscience
Context for Europe’s Urban Sustainability: Lessons
from Glasgow and Beyond (CUSP)’, held in Glasgow, 29–30
May 2014. The Conference attracted delegates from 20 European
countries and included over 40 oral and poster presentations,
highlighting the challenges in understanding urban ground
conditions to aid city regeneration and sustainable development.
In addition to showcasing the work of the CUSP project in
Glasgow, presentations included examples of urban subsurface
characterisation from Germany, the Netherlands and Norway.
Thirteen of the conference contributions are presented in
this volume. These focus mainly on the CUSP project. CUSP
has also been used as an exemplar for other cities in Europe
and the wider world. Lessons learnt in Glasgow have been
shared especially through the European Cooperation in Science
and Technology (COST) Action (SUB-URBAN: TU1206). This
has focused on sustainable urban subsurface use, and transforming
relationships between those who develop urban subsurface
knowledge and those who can benefit most from it – the
planners and developers of the cities of tomorrow. Therefore,
SUB-URBAN has mirrored the original intentions, and the
achievements, of CUSP and developed them more widely
The relevance of polarized bZ production at LHC
We consider the Z polarization asymmetry
A_Z=(sigma(Z_R)-sigma(Z_L))/(sigma(Z_R)+sigma(Z_L)) in the process of
associated bZ production at the LHC. We show that in the Standard Model (SM)
this quantity is essentially given by its Born approximation, remaining almost
unaffected by QCD scales and parton distribution functions variations as well
as by electroweak corrections. The theoretical quantity that appears in A_Z is
the same that provides the LEP1 Z -> b bbar forward-backward asymmetry, the
only measured observable still in some contradiction with the SM prediction. In
this sense, A_Z would provide the possibility of an independent verification of
the possible SM discrepancy, which could reach, if consistency with LEP1
measurements is imposed, values of the relative ten percent size.Comment: 10 pages, 5 eps figure
Lack of Mutual Respect in Relationship The Endangered Partner
Violence in a relationship and in a family setting has been
an issue of concern to various interest groups and professional organizations.
Of particular interest in this article is violence against women
in a relationship. While there is an abundance of knowledge on violence
against women in general, intimate or partner femicide seems to have
received less attention. Unfortunately, the incidence of violence against
women, and intimate femicide in particular, has been an issue of concern
in the African setting.
This article examines the trends of intimate femicide in an African setting
in general, and in Botswana in particular. The increase in intimate
femicide is an issue of concern, which calls for collective effort to address.
This article also examines trends offemicide in Botswana, and the
antecedents and the precipitating factors. Some studies have implicated
societal and cultural dynamics as playing significant roles in intimate
femicide in the African setting. It is believed that the patriarchal nature
of most African settings and the ideology of male supremacy have relegated
women to a subordinate role. Consequently, respect for women
in any relationship with men is lopsided in favor of men and has led to
abuse of women, including intimate femicide. Other militating factors in
intimate femicide ,are examined and the implications for counseling to
assist the endangered female partner are discussed
Magnetic Phase Diagram of GdNi2B2C: Two-ion Magnetoelasticity and Anisotropic Exchange Couplings
Extensive magnetization and magnetostriction measurements were carried out on
a single crystal of GdNi2B2C along the main tetragonal axes. Within the
paramagnetic phase, the magnetic and strain susceptibilities revealed a weak
anisotropy in the exchange couplings and two-ion tetragonal-preserving
alpha-strain modes. Within the ordered phase, magnetization and
magnetostriction revealed a relatively strong orthorhombic distortion mode and
rich field-temperature phase diagrams. For H//(100) phase diagram, three
field-induced transformations were observed, namely, at: Hd(T), related to the
domain alignment; Hr(T), associated with reorientation of the moment towards
the c-axis; and Hs(T), defining the saturation process wherein the exchange
field is completely counterbalanced. On the other hand, For H//(001) phase
diagram, only two field-induced transformations were observed, namely at: Hr(T)
and Hs(T). For both phase diagrams, Hs(T) follows the relation
Hs[1-(T/Tn)^2]^(1/2)kOe with Hs(T-->0)=128.5(5) kOe and Tn(H=0)=19.5 K. In
contrast, the thermal evolution of Hr(T) along the c-axis (much simpler than
along the a-axis) follows the relation Hr[1-T/Tr]^(1/3) kOe where
Hr(T-->0)=33.5(5) kOe and Tr(H=0)=13.5 K. It is emphasized that the
magnetoelastic interaction and the anisotropic exchange coupling are important
perturbations and therefore should be explicitly considered if a complete
analysis of the magnetic properties of the borocarbides is desired
Methods to Determine Neutrino Flux at Low Energies:Investigation of the Low Method
We investigate the "low-" method (developed by the CCFR/NUTEV
collaborations) to determine the neutrino flux in a wide band neutrino beam at
very low energies, a region of interest to neutrino oscillations experiments.
Events with low hadronic final state energy (of 1, 2 and 5 GeV)
were used by the MINOS collaboration to determine the neutrino flux in their
measurements of neutrino () and antineutrino (\nub_\mu) total cross
sections. The lowest energy for which the method was used in MINOS is
3.5 GeV, and the lowest \nub_\mu energy is 6 GeV. At these energies, the
cross sections are dominated by inelastic processes. We investigate the
application of the method to determine the neutrino flux for ,
\nub_\mu energies as low as 0.7 GeV where the cross sections are dominated by
quasielastic scattering and (1232) resonance production. We find that
the method can be extended to low energies by using values of 0.25
and 0.50 GeV, which is feasible in fully active neutrino detectors such as
MINERvA.Comment: 25 pages, 32 figures, to be published in European Physics Journal
A complete one-loop description of associated tW production at LHC and an estimate of possible genuine supersymmetric effects
We compute, in the MSSM framework, the sum of the one-loop electroweak and of
the total QED radiation effects for the process , initiated by
the parton process . Combining these terms with the existing NLO
calculations of SM and SUSY QCD corrections, we analyze the overall one-loop
supersymmetric effects on the partial rates of the process, obtained by
integrating the differential cross section up to a final variable invariant
mass. We conclude that, for some choices of the SUSY parameters and for
relatively small final invariant masses, they could reach the relative ten
percent level, possibly relevant for a dedicated experimental effort at LHC.Comment: Title changed. Final version published in Eur. Phys. J.
Political Radicalization as a Communication Process
Based on data taken from 412 adult education students in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, this research attempts to show that attitudes toward French Canadian Separatism by the sample members can be accounted for by differentiaf communication processes. Results show that attitudes held by sample members are well explained (R2 = .64) by a weighted average of the information they received from interpersonal and media sources. The resultant attitude shows substantial effects on behaviors related to separatism for the same respondents.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67215/2/10.1177_009365027400100301.pd
From Climate Change to Pandemics: Decision Science Can Help Scientists Have Impact
Scientific knowledge and advances are a cornerstone of modern society. They improve our understanding of the world we live in and help us navigate global challenges including emerging infectious diseases, climate change and the biodiversity crisis. However, there is a perpetual challenge in translating scientific insight into policy. Many articles explain how to better bridge the gap through improved communication and engagement, but we believe that communication and engagement are only one part of the puzzle. There is a fundamental tension between science and policy because scientific endeavors are rightfully grounded in discovery, but policymakers formulate problems in terms of objectives, actions and outcomes. Decision science provides a solution by framing scientific questions in a way that is beneficial to policy development, facilitating scientists’ contribution to public discussion and policy. At its core, decision science is a field that aims to pinpoint evidence-based management strategies by focussing on those objectives, actions, and outcomes defined through the policy process. The importance of scientific discovery here is in linking actions to outcomes, helping decision-makers determine which actions best meet their objectives. In this paper we explain how problems can be formulated through the structured decisionmaking process. We give our vision for what decision science may grow to be, describing current gaps in methodology and application. By better understanding and engaging with the decision-making processes, scientists can have greater impact and make stronger contributions to important societal problems.Christopher M. Baker, Patricia T. Campbell, Iadine Chades, Angela J. Dean, Susan M. Hester, Matthew H. Holden, James M. McCaw, Jodie McVernon, Robert Moss, Freya M. Shearer, and Hugh P. Possingha
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