Sonocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by a novel sno2-fe3o4@mwcnt hybrid nanocatalyst under ultrasonic irradiation

In the present work, SnO2-Fe3O4@MWCNT nanocatalyst was fabricated according to a sonochemical-hydrothermal procedure. The surface morphology and structure analyses of the synthesized SnO2-Fe3O4@MWCNT were investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, EDS, FTIR and BET analyses. The degradation efficiency of SnO2-Fe3O4@MWCNT nanocatalyst in MB solution was tested by several experimental conditions such as SnO2-Fe3O4@MWCNT dosage (8-20 mg/L), initial MB concentration (20-50 mg/L), initial solution pH (5-9), and ultrasonic output power (37-60 kHz). SnO2-Fe3O4@MWCNT nanocatalyst retained its efficiency as 85% at common experimental conditions of 16 mg/L of SnO2-Fe3O4@MWCNTs, 45 mg/L of MB, pH of 8, H2O2 of 15 mM, and 60 kHz in 60 min under ultrasonic irradiation. In addition, the optimum experiment conditions for SnO2-Fe3O4@MWCNTs in MB degradation were investigated. The experiment result showed that the degradation efficiency of MB was increased by adding H2O2 to the reaction medium due to forming more free radicals. Further, it was detected that OH center dot radicals were determined to be the dominant oxidative species in MB degradation using SnO2-Fe3O4@MWCNT catalyst. The reuse tests showed that SnO2-Fe3O4@MWCNT sonocatalyst preserved its very stable structure after using the same catalyst 5 times. The intermediates and by-products after MB degradation using the catalyst were indicated by GC-MS analysis. Overall the results showed that the SnO2-Fe3O4@MWCNT sonocatalyst has excellent potential for treating organic pollutants in wastewater

Hydrodeoxygenation of Isoeugenol over Carbon-Supported Pt and Pt-Re Catalysts for Production of Renewable Jet Fuel

A series of monometallic platinum and bimetallic platinum-rhenium catalysts supported on mesoporous carbon Sibunit, which is a type of mesoporous, microcrystalline carbon, were investigated for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of isoeugenol (IE) at 200-300 degrees C and 30 bar of H-2, using dodecane as a solvent. Catalytic activity was tested in a batch reactor to screen the catalysts and, for comparison, also in the continuous mode. For batch experiments, complete conversion, and a high yield of the desired product, propylcyclohexane (PCH), were obtained for all bimetallic PtRe/Sibunit in 240 min, with the highest yield of PCH when Pt:Re ratio was 1:1 or 1:3. The results for Pt-Re (1:1) were reproducible, in terms of catalytic activity and reusability of catalysts, which showed no deactivation. Monometallic Pt catalysts displayed low activity. Continuous experiments were performed with PtRe(1:1)/Sibunit at 30 bar H-2, 0.5 mL/min of the liquid flow, and temperatures between 75 degrees C and 200 degrees C. The distribution of products showed deoxygenation at higher temperatures, while at lower temperatures, mainly oxygenated products were formed. XPS results confirmed the presence of ReOx species, where an increase in the platinum loading resulted in a decrease in the fraction of ReOx species and subsequently lower PCH yield

Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19

Interindividual clinical variability in the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is vast. We report that at least 101 of 987 patients with life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia had neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies (auto-Abs) against interferon-w (IFN-w) (13 patients), against the 13 types of IFN-a (36), or against both (52) at the onset of critical disease; a few also had auto-Abs against the other three type I IFNs. The auto-Abs neutralize the ability of the corresponding type I IFNs to block SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. These auto-Abs were not found in 663 individuals with asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection and were present in only 4 of 1227 healthy individuals. Patients with auto-Abs were aged 25 to 87 years and 95 of the 101 were men. A B cell autoimmune phenocopy of inborn errors of type I IFN immunity accounts for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia in at least 2.6% of women and 12.5% of men

European Perspectives on Turkey's Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy

This edited volume aims to contribute to the recent scholarly debates on Turkey by analyzing the challenges it faces at both internal and external level, and by reflecting on the implications of Turkey’s multiple roles in the period following the Justice and Development Party’s coming to power in 2002. To this end, the book focuses on two main thematic research areas: 1) Turkey’s thorny accession process to the European Union (EU) since 1999 and the induced process of political transformation; and 2) the increasing importance of Turkey’s cooperation with Europe to tackle common security challenges

EU-Turkey Relations: Facilitating or Constraining Democratization?

In trying to bridge between external Europeanization literature and studies on the international dimension of democratization, we use the concepts of leverage and linkage to analyse how EU-Turkey relations, in combination with domestic-related factors, favoured or constrained democratization. Whereas in the first part, we reconstruct economic and political linkages to show what EU-related factors affect EU’s leverage on Turkey, in the second part we identify the combination with domestic factors, which facilitated democratization until 2007 and constrained it since then. We argue that, as the EU has no more leverage on Turkey’s ruling elite, only extensive linkages at the level of civil society, business groups and opposition elite, could contribute to favour Turkish democratization process over the long-term

L'irrisolta questione curda in Turchia

Questo breve contributo ricostruisce le origini e gli sviluppi principali della questione curda in Turchia, mettendo in evidenza le ripercussioni a livello interno per quanto riguarda il processo di democratizzazione e la condizionalit\ue0 posta dall'Unione europea per il rispetto dei diritti delle minoranze, e a livello regionale dal punto di vista della politica estera verso la Siria e l'Iraq

Evaluating Effectiveness in EU Democracy Promotion: The Case of Turkey

The aim of this article is to contribute to the current debate on European Union (EU) democracy promotion (DP) in general and in Turkey in particular. Starting from the existing hypotheses in the literature, we analyze the potential effectiveness of EU DP in Turkey in the period which followed the so called «enlargement fatigue» (post-2005) until the last developments in bilateral relations following the migration crisis and the attempted coup. We show how a combination of structural factors and policy decisions, on the EU side, gradually leading to a transformation of Turkey from a country subjected to EU DP to a de facto strategic partner, constrained the Union’s potential effectiveness as a democracy promoter in Turkey

Introduction

This edited volume aims to contribute to the recent scholarly debates on Turkey by analyzing the challenges it faces at both internal and external level, and by reflecting on the implications of Turkey’s multiple roles in the period following the Justice and Development Party’s coming to power in 2002. To this end, the book focuses on two main thematic research areas: 1) Turkey’s thorny accession process to the European Union (EU) since 1999 and the induced process of political transformation; and 2) the increasing importance of Turkey’s cooperation with Europe to tackle common security challenges

In vivo biochemical evaluations of some ß-lactam group antibiotics on glutathione reductase and glutathione S- transferase enzyme activities

PubMed: 31207309Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether some of the cephalosporin group antibiotics have inhibition effects on GR and GST enzymes with important functions in the metabolic pathway. Methods: In this study, some selected cephalosporin group antibiotics on GST and GR enzyme was carried out using 96 rats. 16 groups (16 × 6) were created from these rats, divided to another 4 groups (4 × 24). The resulting groups were named as sham groups, cefazolin groups, cefuroxime groups and cefoperazone groups, respectively. The antibiotics used were injected to cefazolin, cefuroxime and cefoperazone groups. The inhibition effects of the antibiotics were measured in the different time intervals (1st, 3th, 5th, 7th). The statistical investigation of the results was performed using the SPSS software program. Results: Results revealed the complex effects of the tested substances on GR and GST activity at different time intervals and in different tissues (p < 0.05). This indicated that the tested substances could be exposed to different interactions in vivo. Conclusion: The tested antibiotics showed some significant inhibition effects on the GST and GR enzyme activity in some tissues of brain, eye and muscle. The interaction of enzyme - the drug is a key factor to highlight the toxicological mechanism. For this reason, the results obtained from in vivo experiments are crucial to explane the physiological properties of the enzymes. © 2019This study was supported by Scientific Research Fund of Iğdır University. Project Number: 2017-SBE-A11. A certain part of this study was carried out in Igdır University Research Laboratory Practice and Research Center