DataSheet_1_Improving berry quality and antioxidant ability in ‘Ruidu Hongyu’ grapevine through preharvest exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide, jasmonic acid and their signaling inhibitors by regulating endogenous phytohormones.zip

Grape berries contain a variety of metabolites, such as anthocyanins, sugars, fatty acids, and antioxidants. Endogenous phytohormones strongly influence these metabolites, which regulate berry quality improvement. In this study, we evaluated the effects of 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR, brassinolide (BR)-like growth regulator), jasmonic acid (JA), and their signaling inhibitors brassinazole (Brz), and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DIECA) on berry quality and antioxidant ability. Overall, the pre-harvest application of 0.5 mg L-1 EBR and 100 μmol L-1 JA significantly influences the quality of the grape berry. Results showed that EBR was superior to other treatments at enhancing the content of different metabolites, including anthocyanins, fructose, glucose, and a variety of fatty acids, in grapes. EBR and JA also enhanced the synthesis of gibberellin3 (GA3), cytokinin (CTK), salicylic acid (SA), JA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), BR, and abscisic acid (ABA), while inhibiting the synthesis of auxin (IAA). Most genes related to BR/JA and anthocyanins/sugars/fatty acids biosynthesis were up-regulated. The effects of Brz and DIECA on the grape berry quality were totally reversed throughout the study, as shown by EBR and JA. According to correlation analysis, EBR and JA have a beneficial positive interaction that promotes the formation of strong coherences in grape berries between ABA/IAA/ZT-fruit expansion, BR/JA/MeJA/GA3/ZR-biochemical characteristics development, JA/MeJA/ABA/GA3/SA/ZR-antioxidant capacity enhancement, and JA/MeJA/IAA/GA3/ZT/ZR-fatty acids accumulation. In this regard, we concluded that preharvest exogenous 0.5 mg L-1 EBR and 100 μmol L-1 JA is a successful way to improve grape berry quality.</p

DataSheet_2_Improving berry quality and antioxidant ability in ‘Ruidu Hongyu’ grapevine through preharvest exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide, jasmonic acid and their signaling inhibitors by regulating endogenous phytohormones.zip

Grape berries contain a variety of metabolites, such as anthocyanins, sugars, fatty acids, and antioxidants. Endogenous phytohormones strongly influence these metabolites, which regulate berry quality improvement. In this study, we evaluated the effects of 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR, brassinolide (BR)-like growth regulator), jasmonic acid (JA), and their signaling inhibitors brassinazole (Brz), and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DIECA) on berry quality and antioxidant ability. Overall, the pre-harvest application of 0.5 mg L-1 EBR and 100 μmol L-1 JA significantly influences the quality of the grape berry. Results showed that EBR was superior to other treatments at enhancing the content of different metabolites, including anthocyanins, fructose, glucose, and a variety of fatty acids, in grapes. EBR and JA also enhanced the synthesis of gibberellin3 (GA3), cytokinin (CTK), salicylic acid (SA), JA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), BR, and abscisic acid (ABA), while inhibiting the synthesis of auxin (IAA). Most genes related to BR/JA and anthocyanins/sugars/fatty acids biosynthesis were up-regulated. The effects of Brz and DIECA on the grape berry quality were totally reversed throughout the study, as shown by EBR and JA. According to correlation analysis, EBR and JA have a beneficial positive interaction that promotes the formation of strong coherences in grape berries between ABA/IAA/ZT-fruit expansion, BR/JA/MeJA/GA3/ZR-biochemical characteristics development, JA/MeJA/ABA/GA3/SA/ZR-antioxidant capacity enhancement, and JA/MeJA/IAA/GA3/ZT/ZR-fatty acids accumulation. In this regard, we concluded that preharvest exogenous 0.5 mg L-1 EBR and 100 μmol L-1 JA is a successful way to improve grape berry quality.</p

Image_4_Characterization of the ABA Receptor VlPYL1 That Regulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Grape Berry Skin.TIF

<p>ABA plays a crucial role in controlling several ripening-associated processes in grape berries. The soluble proteins named as PYR (pyrabactin resistant)/PYL (PYR-like)/RCAR (regulatory component of ABA receptor) family have been characterized as ABA receptors. Here, the function of a grape PYL1 encoding gene involved in the response to ABA was verified through heterologous expression. The expression level of VlPYL1 was highest in grape leaf and fruit tissues of the cultivar Kyoho, and the expression of VlPYL1 was increased during fruit development and showed a reduction in ripe berries. Over-expression of VlPYL1 enhances ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Using the transient overexpression technique, the VlPYL1 gene was over-expressed in grape berries. Up-regulation of the VlPYL1 gene not only promoted anthocyanin accumulation but also induced a set of ABA-responsive gene transcripts, including ABF2 and BG3. Although tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was not successfully applied in the “Kyoho” grape, the application of the transient overexpression technique in grape fruit could be used as a novel tool for studying grape fruit development.</p

Table_4_Characterization of the ABA Receptor VlPYL1 That Regulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Grape Berry Skin.DOC

<p>ABA plays a crucial role in controlling several ripening-associated processes in grape berries. The soluble proteins named as PYR (pyrabactin resistant)/PYL (PYR-like)/RCAR (regulatory component of ABA receptor) family have been characterized as ABA receptors. Here, the function of a grape PYL1 encoding gene involved in the response to ABA was verified through heterologous expression. The expression level of VlPYL1 was highest in grape leaf and fruit tissues of the cultivar Kyoho, and the expression of VlPYL1 was increased during fruit development and showed a reduction in ripe berries. Over-expression of VlPYL1 enhances ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Using the transient overexpression technique, the VlPYL1 gene was over-expressed in grape berries. Up-regulation of the VlPYL1 gene not only promoted anthocyanin accumulation but also induced a set of ABA-responsive gene transcripts, including ABF2 and BG3. Although tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was not successfully applied in the “Kyoho” grape, the application of the transient overexpression technique in grape fruit could be used as a novel tool for studying grape fruit development.</p

Image_1_Characterization of the ABA Receptor VlPYL1 That Regulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Grape Berry Skin.TIF

<p>ABA plays a crucial role in controlling several ripening-associated processes in grape berries. The soluble proteins named as PYR (pyrabactin resistant)/PYL (PYR-like)/RCAR (regulatory component of ABA receptor) family have been characterized as ABA receptors. Here, the function of a grape PYL1 encoding gene involved in the response to ABA was verified through heterologous expression. The expression level of VlPYL1 was highest in grape leaf and fruit tissues of the cultivar Kyoho, and the expression of VlPYL1 was increased during fruit development and showed a reduction in ripe berries. Over-expression of VlPYL1 enhances ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Using the transient overexpression technique, the VlPYL1 gene was over-expressed in grape berries. Up-regulation of the VlPYL1 gene not only promoted anthocyanin accumulation but also induced a set of ABA-responsive gene transcripts, including ABF2 and BG3. Although tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was not successfully applied in the “Kyoho” grape, the application of the transient overexpression technique in grape fruit could be used as a novel tool for studying grape fruit development.</p

Image_6_Characterization of the ABA Receptor VlPYL1 That Regulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Grape Berry Skin.TIF

<p>ABA plays a crucial role in controlling several ripening-associated processes in grape berries. The soluble proteins named as PYR (pyrabactin resistant)/PYL (PYR-like)/RCAR (regulatory component of ABA receptor) family have been characterized as ABA receptors. Here, the function of a grape PYL1 encoding gene involved in the response to ABA was verified through heterologous expression. The expression level of VlPYL1 was highest in grape leaf and fruit tissues of the cultivar Kyoho, and the expression of VlPYL1 was increased during fruit development and showed a reduction in ripe berries. Over-expression of VlPYL1 enhances ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Using the transient overexpression technique, the VlPYL1 gene was over-expressed in grape berries. Up-regulation of the VlPYL1 gene not only promoted anthocyanin accumulation but also induced a set of ABA-responsive gene transcripts, including ABF2 and BG3. Although tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was not successfully applied in the “Kyoho” grape, the application of the transient overexpression technique in grape fruit could be used as a novel tool for studying grape fruit development.</p

Image_8_Characterization of the ABA Receptor VlPYL1 That Regulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Grape Berry Skin.TIF

<p>ABA plays a crucial role in controlling several ripening-associated processes in grape berries. The soluble proteins named as PYR (pyrabactin resistant)/PYL (PYR-like)/RCAR (regulatory component of ABA receptor) family have been characterized as ABA receptors. Here, the function of a grape PYL1 encoding gene involved in the response to ABA was verified through heterologous expression. The expression level of VlPYL1 was highest in grape leaf and fruit tissues of the cultivar Kyoho, and the expression of VlPYL1 was increased during fruit development and showed a reduction in ripe berries. Over-expression of VlPYL1 enhances ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Using the transient overexpression technique, the VlPYL1 gene was over-expressed in grape berries. Up-regulation of the VlPYL1 gene not only promoted anthocyanin accumulation but also induced a set of ABA-responsive gene transcripts, including ABF2 and BG3. Although tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was not successfully applied in the “Kyoho” grape, the application of the transient overexpression technique in grape fruit could be used as a novel tool for studying grape fruit development.</p

Image_3_Characterization of the ABA Receptor VlPYL1 That Regulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Grape Berry Skin.TIF

<p>ABA plays a crucial role in controlling several ripening-associated processes in grape berries. The soluble proteins named as PYR (pyrabactin resistant)/PYL (PYR-like)/RCAR (regulatory component of ABA receptor) family have been characterized as ABA receptors. Here, the function of a grape PYL1 encoding gene involved in the response to ABA was verified through heterologous expression. The expression level of VlPYL1 was highest in grape leaf and fruit tissues of the cultivar Kyoho, and the expression of VlPYL1 was increased during fruit development and showed a reduction in ripe berries. Over-expression of VlPYL1 enhances ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Using the transient overexpression technique, the VlPYL1 gene was over-expressed in grape berries. Up-regulation of the VlPYL1 gene not only promoted anthocyanin accumulation but also induced a set of ABA-responsive gene transcripts, including ABF2 and BG3. Although tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was not successfully applied in the “Kyoho” grape, the application of the transient overexpression technique in grape fruit could be used as a novel tool for studying grape fruit development.</p

Image_7_Characterization of the ABA Receptor VlPYL1 That Regulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Grape Berry Skin.TIF

<p>ABA plays a crucial role in controlling several ripening-associated processes in grape berries. The soluble proteins named as PYR (pyrabactin resistant)/PYL (PYR-like)/RCAR (regulatory component of ABA receptor) family have been characterized as ABA receptors. Here, the function of a grape PYL1 encoding gene involved in the response to ABA was verified through heterologous expression. The expression level of VlPYL1 was highest in grape leaf and fruit tissues of the cultivar Kyoho, and the expression of VlPYL1 was increased during fruit development and showed a reduction in ripe berries. Over-expression of VlPYL1 enhances ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Using the transient overexpression technique, the VlPYL1 gene was over-expressed in grape berries. Up-regulation of the VlPYL1 gene not only promoted anthocyanin accumulation but also induced a set of ABA-responsive gene transcripts, including ABF2 and BG3. Although tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was not successfully applied in the “Kyoho” grape, the application of the transient overexpression technique in grape fruit could be used as a novel tool for studying grape fruit development.</p

Table_2_Characterization of the ABA Receptor VlPYL1 That Regulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Grape Berry Skin.DOC

<p>ABA plays a crucial role in controlling several ripening-associated processes in grape berries. The soluble proteins named as PYR (pyrabactin resistant)/PYL (PYR-like)/RCAR (regulatory component of ABA receptor) family have been characterized as ABA receptors. Here, the function of a grape PYL1 encoding gene involved in the response to ABA was verified through heterologous expression. The expression level of VlPYL1 was highest in grape leaf and fruit tissues of the cultivar Kyoho, and the expression of VlPYL1 was increased during fruit development and showed a reduction in ripe berries. Over-expression of VlPYL1 enhances ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Using the transient overexpression technique, the VlPYL1 gene was over-expressed in grape berries. Up-regulation of the VlPYL1 gene not only promoted anthocyanin accumulation but also induced a set of ABA-responsive gene transcripts, including ABF2 and BG3. Although tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was not successfully applied in the “Kyoho” grape, the application of the transient overexpression technique in grape fruit could be used as a novel tool for studying grape fruit development.</p