Training Profiles of Collegiate Swimmers: A Survey of NCAA Division I, II, and III Coaches About Their Male Freestyle Swimmers During the 1993-94 Swimming Season

The lack of information about how the majority of college swimming teams train encouraged the author to conduct the following study. A cover letter and questionnaire, regarding training methods, were sent to all 377 NCAA men\u27s swimming coaches (Division I, II, and III) in the United States, as listed in the 1993-94 NCAA Directory. Approximately 50 percent of all surveys were returned with an equal response rate from each of the respective divisions. Questions regarded team division and size, the coaches experience level and recent training changes, months of peak training during the 1993-94 collegiate season, peak training volume and frequency, time spent building an endurance base, percentages of times spent at three intensity levels (aerobic, anaerobic threshold, and anaerobic), and finally number of team members who accomplishing specific time standards based on NCAA National Championship time standards for the 50, 200, and 1650 freestyle events. Upon examination of the results, the author concludes that a significant proportion of NCAA Division I teams do not have financial scholarships. During the peak training months of the 1993-94 collegiate season, the majority of institutions surveyed responded that they perform approximately 6,000 to 10,000 yards per day. Although distance swimmers at all divisions and some sprint swimmers at Division I reported to train further compared to the other groups, only Division I distance swimmers commonly reported to train more than 10,000 yards per day. Distance swimmers in each division spent more time swimming aerobically and at the anaerobic threshold than did sprinters. Also, Division I sprinters spent more time at the aerobic level than sprinters in the other two divisions. Most distance groups only performed approximately 15 percent of their training time at the anaerobic level, while many sprint groups spent between 15 to 40 percent of their time at this intensity. Twice as many swimmers within this population obtained national time standards at the 50 yard freestyle compared to the 1650 yard freestyle, which may have been the result of the moderate swimming volume levels observed in this population

Training Profiles of Collegiate Swimmers: A Survey of NCAA Division I, II, and III Coaches About Their Male Freestyle Swimmers During the 1993-94 Swimming Season

The lack of information about how the majority of college swimming teams train encouraged the author to conduct the following study. A cover letter and questionnaire, regarding training methods, were sent to all 377 NCAA men\u27s swimming coaches (Division I, II, and III) in the United States, as listed in the 1993-94 NCAA Directory. Approximately 50 percent of all surveys were returned with an equal response rate from each of the respective divisions. Questions regarded team division and size, the coaches experience level and recent training changes, months of peak training during the 1993-94 collegiate season, peak training volume and frequency, time spent building an endurance base, percentages of times spent at three intensity levels (aerobic, anaerobic threshold, and anaerobic), and finally number of team members who accomplishing specific time standards based on NCAA National Championship time standards for the 50, 200, and 1650 freestyle events. Upon examination of the results, the author concludes that a significant proportion of NCAA Division I teams do not have financial scholarships. During the peak training months of the 1993-94 collegiate season, the majority of institutions surveyed responded that they perform approximately 6,000 to 10,000 yards per day. Although distance swimmers at all divisions and some sprint swimmers at Division I reported to train further compared to the other groups, only Division I distance swimmers commonly reported to train more than 10,000 yards per day. Distance swimmers in each division spent more time swimming aerobically and at the anaerobic threshold than did sprinters. Also, Division I sprinters spent more time at the aerobic level than sprinters in the other two divisions. Most distance groups only performed approximately 15 percent of their training time at the anaerobic level, while many sprint groups spent between 15 to 40 percent of their time at this intensity. Twice as many swimmers within this population obtained national time standards at the 50 yard freestyle compared to the 1650 yard freestyle, which may have been the result of the moderate swimming volume levels observed in this population

Enthalpy, mean heat capacity, and absolute heat capacity of solid and liquid lithium /

Work performed at the NEPA Division."Metallurgy and Ceramics ; this report based on NEPA-1370 ; SCR-58."--T.p. verso."Date Declassified: September 18, 1951.""March 31, 1950."Cover title.Mode of access: Internet.This bibliographic record is available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. The University of Florida Libraries, as creator of this bibliographic record, has waived all rights to it worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law

Dabigatran etexilate retards the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions and inhibits the expression of oncostatin M in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

Michael R Preusch,1,2 Nicholas Ieronimakis,1 Errol S Wijelath,3 Sara Cabbage,1 Jerry Ricks,1 Florian Bea,2 Morayma Reyes,1 Joanne van Ryn,4 Michael E Rosenfeld1,5 1Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; 2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; 3Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; 4Department of CardioMetabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany; 5Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Objective: Thrombin has multiple proatherogenic effects including platelet activation and the induction of inflammatory processes. Recently, the cytokine oncostatin M has been shown to have proinflammatory effects. This study was designed to investigate the effects of thrombin inhibition on the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and on the expression of oncostatin M. Methods: Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice at different ages were fed the thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate. The mean lesion area was measured in the aortic sinus and in the innominate artery. CD45-positive cells within the aortic tissue were measured by flow cytometry. Oncostatin M expression was measured in the tissue sections by immunocytochemistry. Results: Treatment with dabigatran etexilate resulted in a significant reduction of the mean area of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic sinus in both the young mice (11,176±1,500 µm2 (control) versus 3,822±836 µm2 (dabigatran etexilate), P<0.05) and selectively in the older mice at 28 weeks (234,099±13,500 µm2 (control) versus 175,226±16,132 µm2 (dabigatran etexilate), P<0.05). There were also fewer CD45-positive cells within the aortas of the dabigatran-treated mice and enhanced NO production in endothelial cells pretreated with dabigatran. In addition, the expression of oncostatin M was reduced in the lesions of dabigatran etexilate-treated mice. Conclusion: Inhibition of thrombin by dabigatran retards the development of early lesions and the progression of some established lesions in ApoE-/- mice. It improves endothelial function and retards macrophage accumulation within the vascular wall. Dabigatran also inhibits the expression of oncostatin M, and this suggests that oncostatin M may play a role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Keywords: macrophages, thrombin, coagulation, inflammatio