Efeitos de extratos aquosos de assa-peixe sobre a germinação de três espécies de braquiária

Examinou-se o potencial alelopático da planta invasora de pastagem assa-peixe (Vernonia polyanthes), através dos efeitos dos extratos aquosos (concentração de 10%) da parte aérea, de raízes e de sementes sobre a germinação (porcentagem e velocidade) e o alongamento da radícula das gramíneas forrageiras Brachiaria humidicola, Brachiaria decumbens e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. O pH, a condutividade e o potencial osmótico foram determinados em cada extrato. A contribuição do potencial osmótico foi isolada através de cálculo, tendo por base os potenciais osmóticos dos extratos e da água e a equação de regressão que se ajustou a cada parâmetros, em função da variação do potencial osmótico na faixa de 0,0 a 0,4 MPa. Os bioensaios foram desenvolvidos em câmaras do tipo BOD, com temperatura controlada para 35/15oC (diurna/noturna) e fotoperíodo de 12 horas-luz (bioensaios de germinação), e temperatura constante de 35oC e fotoperíodo de 24 horas-luz (bioensaios de alongamento da radícula). Os resultados indicaram que tanto o pH como a concentração de cátions não contribuíram para os resultados encontrado. O assa-peixe evidenciou potencialidade alelopáticas que variaram em função da espécie receptora e da parte da planta doadora do extrato. A velocidade de germinação foi o indicador mais sensível aos efeitos dos extratos aquosos da assa-peixe.The allelopathic potential of pasture weed assa-peixe (Vernonia polyanthes Less.) over the forage grasses Brachiaria humidicola. Brachiaria decumbens e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu was investigated. The effect of aqueous shoot, roots and seeds extracts (in a concentratrion of 10%) on germination (% and speed) and radicle elongation of the grasses were studied. The pH, conductivity and osmotic potential were analysed in each extract. The contribution of the osmotic potential was isolated considering the osmotic potencial of the extracts and the water, and the regression equationss adjusted to each parameter in function of the variation of the osmotic potential in the range from 0,0 to 0,4 MPa. The bioassay were carried out in a BOD chamber, with temperature controlled to 35/15oC (day/night temperature) and photoperiod of 12 hours of ligt (bioassays of germination), and constant temperature of 35oC and photoperiod of 24 hours of light (bioassays of radicle length). It was showed that pH and cations concentration did not contribute to the results obtained. The pasture weed assa-peixe evidenced allelopathic potential that varied in function of receiver species and the part of the donor plant. The speed of germination was the best indicator for the effects of aqueous extracts from assa-peixe

The spread of resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides in a wind borne, self-pollinated weed species, Lactuca serriola L.

The original publication can be found at www.springerlink.comResistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Lactuca serriola first appeared in the northern Yorke Peninsula in South Australia in 1994, with resistance soon observed at a number of additional sites. The rapid appearance of resistance at many sites could be attributed to a number of independent selection events or to movement of resistant seed from the original field. ISSRs were used to genotype plants collected in 1999 and 2004 from roadsides or fields in an attempt to determine the importance of these two factors in the spread of herbicide resistance in L. serriola. In 1999 and 2004, chlorsulfuron-resistant L. serriola plants were found in both fields and roadsides with resistant plants being more frequent in fields than roadsides and more frequent in 2004 than in 1999. Genetic relationships generated using UPGMA analysis indicated the presence of more than one genotype within the herbicide resistant populations sampled for both years and suggested independent selection as well as movement of resistant seed had occurred. DNA extracted from samples collected in 1999 was used to sequence a highly conserved region of the ALS gene that coded for a single amino acid modification within the gene. Four different mutations were identified within the resistant samples and these mutations tended to cluster on a geographical basis. Together these data provide evidence for both multiple independent evolutionary events and for the potential movement of individual genotypes as far as 43 km in the region.Y-Q. Lu, J. Baker and C. Presto