Effects of single grain boundary and random interface traps on electrical variations of sub-30 nm polysilicon nanowire structures

Effects of single grain boundary (SGB) and random interface traps (RITs) on the electrical characteristics of the macaroni structure in sub-30 nm poly-silicon (poly-Si) channel devices are analyzed using 3D simulation. The macaroni structure can mitigate the adverse effects of SGB on the electrical variations compared to the conventional structure. However, when RITs are considered at the interface between the dielectric filler and the poly-Si channel, the macaroni structures show relatively larger variations due to RITs at the inherent interface, compared with the conventional devices. Thus the reduction of interface traps in the macaroni devices is critical for sub-30 nm poly-Si device applications. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1164Nsciescopu

The beliefs that underlie autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching: a multinational investigation

We investigated the role of three beliefs in predicting teachers' motivating style toward students-namely, how effective, how normative, and how easy-to-implement autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching were each believed to be. We further examined national collectivism-individualism as a predictor of individual teachers' motivating style and beliefs about motivating style, as we expected that a collectivistic perspective would tend teachers toward the controlling style and toward positive beliefs about that style. Participants were 815 full-time PreK-12 public school teachers from eight different nations that varied in collectivism-individualism. All three teacher beliefs explained independent and substantial variance in teachers' self-described motivating styles. Believed effectiveness was a particularly strong predictor of self-described motivating style. Collectivism-individualism predicted which teachers were most likely to self-describe a controlling motivating style, and a mediation analysis showed that teachers in collectivistic nations self-described a controlling style because they believed it to be culturally normative classroom practice. These findings enhance the literature on the antecedents of teachers' motivating styles by showing that teacher beliefs strongly predict motivating style, and that culture informs one of these beliefs-namely, normalcy

Flexible, sticky, and biodegradable wireless device for drug delivery to brain tumors

Implantation of biodegradable wafers near the brain surgery site to deliver anti-cancer agents which target residual tumor cells by bypassing the blood-brain barrier has been a promising method for brain tumor treatment. However, further improvement in the prognosis is still necessary. We herein present novel materials and device technologies for drug delivery to brain tumors, i.e., a flexible, sticky, and biodegradable drug-loaded patch integrated with wireless electronics for controlled intracranial drug delivery through mild-thermic actuation. The flexible and bifacially-designed sticky/hydrophobic device allows conformal adhesion on the brain surgery site and provides spatially-controlled and temporarily-extended drug delivery to brain tumors while minimizing unintended drug leakage to the cerebrospinal fluid. Biodegradation of the entire device minimizes potential neurological side-effects. Application of the device to the mouse model confirms tumor volume suppression and improved survival rate. Demonstration in a large animal model (canine model) exhibited its potential for human application. © The Author(s) 201911sciescopu