Stakeholders’ views in reducing vulnerability and resilience building

This chapter examines how climatic events affect agricultural livelihoods. Special emphasis is given to the effects of natural disasters on migration patterns. In addition, it aims to assess policy options to reduce the vulnerability of small-scale farmers (e.g. government-supported insurance schemes). To further this aim, this work draws on stakeholder consultations and descriptive analysis in three communities in the southern state of Chiapas, Mexico. It also puts forward stakeholder-based solutions, which embrace loss-sharing and risk-transfer mechanisms. The coping strategies revealed in this study encompass both immediate responses (e.g. sources of off-farm income, post-disaster financing sources, and emigration plans), and more structural and long-term strategies, such as re-orientation of production and improvement of infrastructure for production

Natural hazards and economic stressors

This chapter explains the mechanism by means of which natural disasters and some past economic policy decisions have turned into hazards in Mexico. Natural disasters occurrence is increasingly producing severe damages to the so-called traditional agriculture, highly exposed to climatic events due to its predominating rainfed cropping practices as well as its high marginalization conditions, which together tend to amplify the negative effects from hazards. In the frame of the economic reforms implemented from the middle of the eighties, trade liberalization has led some economic sectors to increase more remarkably their exposure to international markets. The negative impact of trade liberalization on rural livelihoods has been evidenced over the past two decades through price drops of agricultural grains, the main crop of subsistence farmers. It has undermined their incomes given their limitations to increase neither productivity nor cropping land, as well as their inability to re-orientate production

Multicriteria optimization approach to deploy humanitarian logistic operations integrally during floods

This paper addresses frequent and foreseeable floods in the short-term preparedness of an imminent event using a multicriteria optimization model integrated with a geographical information system to simulate flood levels, determine the best strategies, and update information. The proposed model takes into account the four main relief operations: location of emergency facilities (i.e., distribution centers, shelters, and meeting points), prepositioning of humanitarian aid, evacuation, and distribution of humanitarian aid. Three criteria are considered in the formulation to minimize: the maximum evacuation flow-time, the maximum distribution flow-time, and total cost of relief operations. The approximation to the efficient frontier is built using multiobjective programming through the use of commercial software. The usefulness and robustness of the model are verified using data from one of the worst Mexican floods considering various flood levels created from three key elements in humanitarian logistics. The strategies provided by the proposed methodology are compared with those implemented by the Mexican authorities during the studied disaster