Izvori proteina u obrocima za ishranu preživara

The rapid increase in human population leads to increased demand for animal protein. On the other hand, the deficit of protein feeds in the market and rising costs are the most significant obstacles facing animal production. Therefore, most researches have focused on improving the status and utilization of different protein sources in order to reduce costs and maintain optimum performance of animals. The results of our study showed that lambs of MIS population, of average body weight of 18.0 kg, fed diets with different protein sources: sunflower meal, soybean meal, fish meal, realized average daily gain: 0.169, 0.205 and 0.227 kg, respectively. Conversion of dry matter in analogue treatments was: 4.54, 3.71 and 3.30 (kg/kg of gain) and total protein (g/kg): 732, 596 and 549, respectively. It is evident that the fish meal as a protein source improves the growth and utilization of food in lambs. However, given that the European Commission has banned the use of fish meal in diets for animal nutrition, nutritionists' imperative is to investigate the possibility of using 'unconventional' sources of protein (peas, beans, lupins) in diets for ruminant nutrition. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different sources of protein in diets on production performance of ruminants.Brz porast ljudske populacije uslovljava povećanu potražnju za animalnim proteinima. Sa druge strane, deficit proteinskih hraniva na tržištu i porast troškova su najznačajnije prepreke sa kojima se suočava animalna proizvodnja. Zbog toga, većina istraživanja je usmerena na poboljšanje statusa i iskorišćavanja različitih izvora proteina, u cilju smanjenja troškova i održavanja optimalnih performansi životinja. Rezultati naših istraživanja su pokazali da su jagnjad MIS populacije, prosečne telesne mase 18,0 kg, hranjena obrocima sa različitim izvorima proteina: suncokretova sačma; sojina sačma, riblje brašno, ostvarila prosečan dnevni prirast: 0,169 : 0,205 : 0,227 kg, respektivno. Konverzija suve materije na analognim tretmanima, je iznosila: 4,54 : 3,71 : 3,30 (kg/kg prirasta) a ukupnih proteina (g/kg): 732 : 596: 549. Evidentno je da riblje brašno, kao izvor proteina, poboljšava rast i iskorišćavanje hrane kod jagnjadi. Međutim, obzirom da je Evropska komisija zabranila korišćenje ribljeg brašna u obrocima za ishranu životinja, imperativ nutricionista je ispitivanje mogućnosti korišćenja'nekonvencionalnih' izvora proteina (grašak, pasulj, lupina) u obrocima za ishranu preživara. Cilj ovog rada je da se uporede efekti različitih izvora proteina u obrocima na proizvodne performanse preživara

Uticaj izvor proteina i sistema ukrštanja jagnjadi na parametre kvaliteta vune

The experiment included 30 lambs-crosses F1 generation: Pirot Pramenka (50%) x Württemberg (50%) and 30 crossbred F1 generations: Pirot Pramenka (12.5%) x Württemberg(37.5) x Ille de France (50%), weaned at 60 days of age, the average body weight of 18.0 kg. The mixtures varied in protein source: I - sunflower meal, II - soybean meal and III - fish meal. The share of undegradable protein was 43 : 51 : 58 %. The average diameter of the fibres in lambs on treatments I:II:III was 26.14 : 24.96 : 25.20 μm, and of two-breed (PxW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses: 25.38 and 25.49 μm. The average height of the wool fibre in lambs on treatments I:II:III was: 2.97 : 3.06 : 3.17 cm, and in two-breed (PxW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses 2.98 : 3.15 cm. The average length of the fibre in lambs on protein sources I:II:III was 4.62 : 5.08 : 5.11 cm and in two-breed (PXW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses 4.77 : 5.11 cm. Protein source in feed mixtures, and genotype of lambs significantly influenced the quality of wool expressed through diameter, height and length of the fibres.Eksperimentom je obuhvaćeno 30 jagnjadi-meleza F1 generacije pirotska pramenka (50%) x virtemberg (50%) i 30 meleza F1 generacije: pirotska pramenka (12,5%) x virtemberg (37.5) x Il de frans (50%), odbijenih na 60 dana starosti, prosečne telesne mase 18,0 kg. Smeše su se razlikovale u izvoru proteina: I - suncokretova sačma, II - sojina sačme i III - riblje brašno. Udeo nesvarljivih proteina je 43: 51: 58%. Prosečan prečnik vlakana u jagnjadi na tretmanima I: II: III je bio 26.14: 24.96: 25.20 μm, a kod dvorasnih (PxW) i trorasnih meleza (PxWxIDF): 25.38 i 25.49 μm. Prosečna visina vune u jagnjadi na tretmanima I: II: III je bila: 2.97: 3.06: 3.17 cm, a kod dvorasnih (PxW) i trorasnih (PxWxIDF) meleza: 2.98: 3.15 cm. Prosečna dužina vlakana u jagnjad na proteinskim izvorima I:II:III je bila 4.62: 5.08: 5.11 cm, a kod dvorasnih (PxW) i trorasnih (PxWxIDF) meleza 4.77: 5.11 cm. Izvor proteina u smešama hrane, kao i genotip jagnjadi, značajno su uticali na kvalitet vune izražen kroz prečnika, visinu i dužinu vlakana

Influence of environmental factors on birth weight variability of indigenous Serbian breeds of sheep

The present investigation was carried out to study the influence of environmental factors on the birth weight variability of two breeds of sheep. Animals used in this research were taken from the Pirot and Svrljig indigenous sheep breeds. The data were collected from 1999 to 2009 and were analyzed to determine the effect of the year and season, age of the lamb, weight of the lamb, birth type and sex on the birth weight of lambs. Both sheep breeds were managed in the same farm and under the same farm conditions. Statistical analysis was performed by using GLM procedure of SAS statistical package program. Results showed that young (2 to 3 years) and old (6 to 7 years) mothers gave birth to lighter lambs, while sheep in the middle age (4 to 5 years) gave birth to lambs with the heaviest body weight. However, the differences were respectively significant (P (lt) 0.01). Birth weight of lambs also depended on weight of lamb, although differences in the average body weight of lambs were statistically significant (P (lt) 0.05). Type of birth also had effect on the body weight of lambs at birth in both Pirot and Svrljig breeds (P (lt) 0.05). Body weight of lambs at birth were almost the same for both sexes (3.39 and 3.36 kg for male and female in Pirot breed and 3.48 and 3.43 kg for male and female in Svrljig breed, respectively), though the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The values of birth weight observed for quite a number of years ranged from 3.27 to 3.52 kg in Pirot and 3.34 to 3.51 kg in Svrljig breed (P (lt) 0.01). Lambs born in the spring-summer season has the heaviest body weight at birth. Conversely, the significant difference (P (lt) 0.05) can only be interpreted as the factor of food source

Primena sistema ukrštanja i njegov uticaj na osobine porasta jagnjadi

Success of crossing depends on the breeds used and the genetic distance among them, as well the combining ability of maternal and individual heterosis to make the proper choice of breeds employed in a crossing system. The aim of this study is to find the effect of genotype and crossing system on early weights and daily gain of lambs. The lambs of purebred Pirot Pramenka ( P) got the lowest body weight at birth, at 30 days, at 60 days and 90 days with a value of 3.65 kg, 9.48 kg, 14.99 kg and 21.96 kg while purebred Wurttemberg attained the highest body weight at birth of 4.48 kg. The lambs of three bred crossing (PxWxF) highest on BW30, BW60 and BW90 days. The results showed a highly significant difference on average daily gain (ADG) among genotypes (P (lt) 0.01) except on the difference between W - PxW of which belongs to the lower border of significant level (P (lt) 0.05). The highest difference on ADG was between P - PxWxF (105.950 g), wherein the lowest difference was between W-PxW (9.290 g). It can close that the attained value between pure bred Wurttemberg (W) and two-bred crossing (PxW) was almost equal. Genotype and crossing system have significant effect on body weight and average daily gain of lambs. Based on the results obtained, it shows an advantage effect of crossing system (PxWxF) when it comes on growth and daily gain of lambs.Uspeh ukrštanja zavisi od rasa koje se koriste i genetičke distance između njih. Takođe, efekti majke i individualnog heterozisa u kombinaciji sa izborom rasa odlučujući su faktori ukrštanja. Jagnjad Pirotske pramenke (P) imala su najnižu telesnu masu na rođenju, sa 30, 60 i 90 dana u vrednosti od 3.65 kg, 9.48 kg, 14,99 kg i 21.96 kg, dok rasa Virtemberg ima najveću telesnu masu na rođenju čija vrednost iznosi 4.48 kg. U jagnjadi trorasnog porekla (PxWxF) masa je bila najveća tokom kontrola- BV30, BV60 i BV90 dana. Rezultati su pokazali izuzetno značajnu razliku u prosečnom dnevnom prirastu (ADG ) kod ispitivanih genotipova (P (lt) 0,01) osim razlike između W-PxW koja je na nivou granice značajnosti (P (lt) 0,05). Najveća razlika prosečnog dnevnog prirasta ADG bila je između P - PxWxF (105,950 g), dok je najmanja razlika bila između W- PXW (9,290 g). Može se zaključiti da je dostignuta vrednost između jagnjadi Virtemberške rase (-W) i dvorasnih meleza (PxW) skoro jednaka. Genotip i sistem ukrštanja imaju značajan uticaj na telesne mase i prosečan dnevni prirast jagnjadi. Rezultati ovih istraživanja pokazali su prednost trorasnog ukrštanja kada su u pitanju masa tela i dnevni prirast jagnjadi, što je i najvažnije iz ugla ekonomike proizvodnje. Takođe je važno poređenje između dvorasnih meleza i čiste virtemberške rase, gde su razlike male

Principi razvoja stočarstva u Republici Srbiji

Livestock production is an important branch of agriculture in the Republic of Serbia because it provides necessary products (milk, meat, eggs). In addition, livestock production provides raw materials for food industry and leather industry. Livestock production is expected to provide quality products for export, primarily beef and lamb. There is an opportunity for export of cheese (especially sheep and goat milk cheese) with defined origin and standard of quality. However, based on available data, the situation in livestock production is assessed as negative. In the last years, number of heads of all species of domestic animals has decreased continuously. In several years, Serbia will become member of European Union (EU). This means that livestock production should prepare for competition in the single developed market, without any state trade barriers. Serbia's membership in international organizations, liberalization of trade in livestock products, a small possibility of protection from imports, the implementation of quality standards (HACCP, ISO, Global GAP), reduced levels of domestic support, elimination of export subsidies, increase profitability and ability to be competitive on the international market. Based on these circumstances, it is necessary to build efficient livestock production that can compete in the European market contributing to the growth of farmers and national income.Stočarska proizvodnja je važna grana poljoprivrede u Republici Srbiji i posmatrani istorijski, oduvek je igrala vodeću ulogu u održanju egzistencije stanovništva. Stočarstvo pruža neophodne proizvode (mleko, meso, jaja), a takođe obezbeđuje sirovine za prehrambenu industriju i industriju kože. Od stočarske proizvodnje se takođe očekuje da obezbedi kvalitetne proizvode za izvoz, pre svega govedine i jagnjetine. Priliku za izvoz imaju sir (posebno od ovčijeg i kozjeg mleka), sa definisanim poreklom i standardom kvaliteta. Međutim, na osnovu raspoloživih podataka, situacija u stočarstvu se ocenjuje kao negativna. U poslednjih nekoliko godina broj grla svih vrsta domaćih životinja kontinuirano se smanjuje. Srbija je dobila kandidaturu za članstvo u Evropskoj uniji (EU). To znači da bi stočarska proizvodnja trebala da se pripremi za konkurenciju na jedinstvenom razvijenom tržištu, bez ikakvih državnih trgovinskih barijera. Članstvo Srbije u međunarodnim organizacijama, liberalizacija trgovine stočarskih proizvoda, mala mogućnost zaštite od uvoza, implementacija standarda kvaliteta (HACCP, ISO, GLOBAL GAP), smanjeni nivo domaće podrške, eliminisanje izvoznih subvencija,rast profitabilnosti i sposobnost da budu konkurentna na međunarodnom tržištu, su još dodatni izazovi sa kojima se suočava ili će se suočiti stočarstvo Srbije. Na osnovu ovih okolnosti, neophodno je da se izgrade principi za efikasan razvoj stočarske proizvodnje, koja može da se takmiči na evropskom tržištu i doprinosi rastu poljoprivrede i nacionalnog dohotka

Mogućnosti i izazovi održivog razvoja ovčarstva Srbije

This paper analyzes the present state of sheep farming in Serbia and provide guidance for sustainable development in the future. It also discusses the challenges of the modern age that may affect the viability of sheep production. Today in Serbia grows less than 1.5 million sheep. In terms of breed structures, most of the population makes indigenous Pramenka sheep (80%), while the remaining 20% are: Tsigai, Merinolandschaf, Ile de France, Pirot improved, Mis sheep, and other less important population, as well as the crossbreed with foreign and local domestic sheep. However, due to the intense process of industrialization, from the second half of the twentieth century until today there is a trend of depopulation, demographic discharge of the village, which has resulted in reducing the farms so that the number of sheep in the past two decades fell by about 30%. The greatest reduction in the number of sheep registered in the nineties. After stabilization, a large decrease in the number of sheep was followed by the 2010th year and by 6% compared to 2008 year. Genetical improvement is significantly increased level of production of all species of domestic animals. However, animals selected for high and efficient production are exposed to greater risk. This primarily refers to the physiological and immunological problems, but would generally be said that all this leads to distortion of harmony between the organism and the environment and the repercussions on the molecular level. Sustainable development of sheep breeding in Serbia must be kept in mind this reality. New challenges facing the sheep breeding of Serbia, stems from a political orientation toward membership in the European Union. Sheep Serbia must find its place in this new challenge.Ovaj rad analizira sadašnje stanje ovčarstva u Srbiji i daje smernice za održivi razvoj u budućnosti. On takođe raspravlja o izazovima modernog doba koji mogu uticati na održivost ovčarske proizvodnje. Srbija danas raspolaže sa nešto manje od 1,5 miliona ovaca. U pogledu rasne strukture, većinu čini pramenkalokalne autohtone ovce, dok preostalih 15- 20% su: Cigaja, Merinolandschaf, Ile de France, Pirotska oplemenjena, novo proizvedena Mis ovca, i druge manje važne populacije, kao i melezi sa inostranim rasama. Međutim, zbog intenzivnog procesa industrijalizacije, od druge polovine dvadesetog veka do danas postoji trend smanjenja seoskog stanovništva i pražnjenja sela, što je rezultiralo smanjenjem farmi, tako da je broj ovaca u poslednje dve decenije opao za oko 30%. Najveći pad broja ovaca registrovan je tokom devedesetih. Posle stabilizacije, veliki pad u broju ovaca je usledio 2010. godine za 6% u odnosu na 2008. godinu. Genetsko unapređenje je poslednjih decenija znatno povećalo nivo proizvodnje svih vrsta domaćih životinja. Međutim, životinje selekcionisane za visoku i efikasnu proizvodnju izloženi su većem riziku. Ovo se prvenstveno odnosi na fiziološke i imunološke probleme, ali bi se generalno moglo reći da je sve to dovelo do narušavanja harmonije između organizma i sredine i posledica na molekularnom nivou. Održivi razvoj ovčarstva Srbije mora imati u vidu ovu realnost. Novi izazovi sa kojima se suočava ovčarstvo Srbije, proističu i iz političke orijentacije ka članstvu u Evropskoj uniji. Zbog svih pomenutih razloga ovčarstvo Srbije mora naći svoje pravo mesto u svetlu novih izazova

Neki aspekti poboljšanja produkcije travnjaka za ispašu ovaca

Grasslands represent significant natural resource with important role in economy and ecology of every country. Properly cultivated and utilized grasslands provide cheap and high quality food for sheep, which they easily transfer into milk and meat. However, extensive management has caused degradation of pasture areas. Improvement of production of forage plants on pastures is achieved by using melioration measures, primarily fertilization. Fertilization is important also from the aspect of increase of yield and quality of forage plants. The effect of application of fertilizer depends on the present plant species in the mixture. Application of nitrogen mineral fertilizers in mixtures reduces the nitrogen fixating abilities of leguminous species, which leads to the diminishing of their competitive abilities and favouring of the grass component in the mixture. Use of excessive quantities of N fertilizer in plants causes the accumulation of nitrates, as a unfavourable quality parameter in plant tissues, which can have harmful effect on animal health. Therefore, attention should be focused on application of N fertilizers, which should be harmonized with the plant requirements, so that used quantities are not excessive and harmful. Objective of this paper is to point out the significance of fertilization as one of the most important melioration measures.Travnjaci su značajan prirodni resurs koji ima važnu ulogu u ekonomiji i ekologiji svake zemlje.Pravilno negovani i iskorištavani ,travnjaci obezbeđuju jeftinu i kvalitetnu hranu za ishranu ovaca koju one uspešno transformišu u mleko i meso. Međutim, ekstenzivno gazdovanje je uslovilo degradaciju pašnjačkih površina.Unapređenje proizvodnje krme na pašnjacima se postiže primenom meliorativnih mera, u prvom redu đubrenja. Đubrenje ima značajan uticaj na povećanje prinosa i kvaliteta krme. Efekat primene đubriva zavisi od prisutne biljne vrste u smeši. Primena azotnih mineralnih đubriva u smešama, smanjuje azotofiksatorne sposobnosti leguminoznih vrsta, što dovodi do slabljenja njihovih konkurentnih sposobnosti i favorizovanja travne komponente u smeši. Upotreba prevelikih količina N đubriva kod biljaka izaziva nagomilavanje nitrata, kao nepoželjnog parametra kvaliteta u biljnim tkivima, koji mogu da imaju štetno dejstvo na zdravstveno stanje životinja. Iz tih razloga treba pokloniti veliku pažnju primeni N đubriva, koja treba da bude u skladu sa potrebama biljaka, kako upotrebljene količine ne bi bile prevelike i štetne. Cilj ovog rada je bio da ukaže na značaj đubrenja kao jedne od najvažnijih meliorativnih mera

Uticaj sistema ukrštanja na prinos i kvalitet mesa odlučene jagnjadi

This study examines the impact of two-breed (PXW) and three- breed (PxWxIDF) system of sheep crossing on the results in terms of yield and quality of meat of lambs, weaned at 60 days of age and fattened up to 120 days of age. Study was carried out on the experimental sheep farm of the Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun, and the following breeds of sheep were used for crossing: Pirot pramenka (P) Württemberg (W) and Ile de France (IDF). As maternal basis the Pirot Pramenka and two breed crosses were used, and as improvement breed - Ile de France rams. Pre-slaughter body mass of two-breed and three-breed crosses was: 32.63 and 34.48 kg. Values of dressing percentage warm carcass with head and offal were: 59.0 and 58.4%. The share of the category I meat on analogue treatments was: 37.07: 37.48%, meat of category II: 33.98: 32.41%, and the meat of category III - 28.69: 26.87%. Meat to bone ratio was: 2.3:1 in two- breed crosses, whereas in the three-breed crosses it was 2.7:1. MLD surface was 11:49 and 11:45 cm2. Regarding the chemical and technological characteristics, there were no significant differences among the treatments (P> 0.05).U radu je ispitivan uticaj dvorasnog (PxW) i trorasnog (PxWxIDF) sistema ukrštanja ovaca na rezultate u pogledu prinosa i kvaliteta mesa jagnjadi zalučene sa 60 dana i tovljene do 120 dana uzrasta. Istraživanja su obavljena na eksperimentalnoj farmi ovaca Instituta za stočarstvo Beograd-Zemun, a za ukrštanje su korišćene sledeće rase ovaca: Pirotska pramenka (P), Virtemberg (W) i Ile de France (IDF).Kao materinska osnova korišćeni su Pirotska pramenka i dvorasni melezi, a kao oplemenjivači - ovnovi Ile de France. Ishrana grla krmnim smešama je bila grupna i po volji, dok je količina sena ograničena i ravnopravno distribuirana. Na kraju ogleda, radi utvrđivanja prinosa i kvaliteta mesa, izdvojeno je i žrtvovano ukupno 18 grla (po 9 iz svake grupe).Statistička obrada dobijenih podataka je izvršena koršćénjem programa Stat.Soft, Inc (2003) STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 6, primenom standardnih matematičko-statističkih metoda. Telesna masa pred klanje meleza iz dvorasnog i trorasnog sistema ukrštanja je iznosila: 32.63 i 34.48 kg.Vrednosti randmana toplog trupa sa glavom i iznutricama su iznosile: 59.0 i 58.4%.Udeo mesa I kategorije na analognim tretmanima je iznosio: 37.07 : 37.48%, mesa II kategorije: 33.98: 32.41%, dok je meso III kategorije bilo zastupljeno sa 28.69 : 26.87%. Odnos mesa prema kostima je bio: 2.3:1 kod dvorasnih meleza, dok je kod trorasnih iznosio 2.7: 1. Površina MLD je iznosila 11.49 i 11.45 cm2.U pogledu hemijskih i tehnoloških osobina, nije bilo značajnih razlika između ispitivanih tretmana (P>0.05)

Uticaj sistema ukrštanja na tovne parametre odlučene jagnjadi

In this paper, the effect of different systems of crossing of sheep: two-breed (PxW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) on production results - body weight and average daily gain of lambs weaned at the age of 60 days and fattened to age of 120 days, was investigated. Also, the effect of crossing on consumption and conversion of food and nutrients was monitored. Study was carried out on the Experimental sheep farm of the Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun, and following breeds were used in the crossing: Pirot Pramenka (P), Wurttemberg (W) and Ile de France (IDF). Pirot Pramenka was used as the maternal basis, while Wurttemberg rams were used as sires, and as terminal breed, Ile de France rams were used. Results have shown that the three-breed crosses of F1 generation, compared to two-breed crosses, obtained higher body gain for 19.23% with lower food intake for 5.19%, during fattening period lasting from 60th to 120th day of age. Regarding feed conversion ratio, they used per 1 kg of body gain 29.61% less hay and 20.82% less concentrate feeds. Positive biological effect exhibited in three-breed crosses (PxWxIDF) is consequence of individual heterosis and maternal heterosis.U radu je ispitivan uticaj različitih sistema ukrštanja ovaca: dvorasnog (PxW) i trorasnog (PxWxIDF), na rezultate u pogledu mase tela i prosečnog dnevnog prirasta jagnjadi zalučene sa 60 dana i tovljene do 120 dana uzrasta. Takođe su praćeni efekti ukrštanja na konzumiranje i konverziju hrane i hranljivih materija. Istraživanja su obavljena na eksperimentalnoj farmi ovaca Instituta za stočarstvo Beograd-Zemun, a za ukrštanje su korišćene sledeće rase ovaca: pirotska pramenka (P), virtemberg (W) i Il de frans (IDF). Rezultati su pokazali da su trorasni melezi u odnosu na dvorasne, u tovu od 60. do 120. dana uzrasta ostvarili za 19.23% veći prirast i za 5.19% manje konzumiranje hrane. U pogledu konverzije hrane, po kg prirasta su utrošili za 29.61% manje sena i za 20.82% manje koncentrata. Pozitivan biološki efekat koji se ispoljio kod meleza (PxWxIDF) je posledica korišćenja heterozisa individue i heterozisa majke

REGRESSION BETWEEN BODY WEIGHT OF LAMBS FROM BIRTH TO WEANING IN VARIOUS STRAINS OF SHEEP PRAMENKA

The result of the multiple regression coefficient (R) have the following values: 0.582 in the Pirot race, 0.499 in the Svrljiska race, 0.610 in the Sjenica race and 0.580 in the Sharplanina race. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) had the following values: 0.339 in Pirot, 0.249 in Svrljiska, 0.372 in Sjenica and 0.337 in Sharplanina sheep. It follows from this that according to the order of genotypes shown, 33.9%; 24.4%; 36.8%; and 33.2% of the variance of the body weight of lambs at 90 days, determined by the variance of the set of the following variables: PI, SV, SJ, SP- at 60, 30 and 1 day. The adjusted coefficient of multiple determination (Adjusted R2) had the following values: 0.335 in Pirot, 0.244 in Svrljiska, 0.368 in Sjenica and 0.332 in young Sharplanina sheep. From this it follows that according to the order of genotypes shown, 33.5%; 24.4%; 36.8% and 33.2% of the variance of the body weight of lambs at 90 days, determined by the variance of a set of predictor variables: PI, SV, SJ, SP- at 60, 30 and 1 da