Supplementary feeding of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L) with late harvested hay. A pilot study

In order to increase the fodder available for roedeer during wintertime, late harvested hay was placed on racks early in November in three consecutive years. Freeezing kept the hay dry and fresh during all three winters. In the first winter, with much snow, the bulk of the hay was consumed whereas consumption in the two subsequent mild winters was low and selective. The crude protein content of the hay was low (3.5 - 8.4% dry matter). Metabolizable energy estimated from digestion in vitro was 3.5 — 5.6 MJ per kg dry matter. Rumen liquor from roe deer during a mild winter gave lower in vitro digestion than liquor from sheep fed with ordinary rations. The value of this poor hay for roe deer is discussed with respect to the animals requirements, seasonal adaption, the energy and protein content of the hay, water consumption and normal behavior. The results indicate that late harvested hay may be more suitable than regularly harvested hay or concentrates to help roe deer to survive spells of severe winter conditions. With late harvested hay placed out at several localized feeding sites, the risks of indigestion and dehydration, associated with a more concentrated, feed, are minimized and the ranking among the roe deer in particular will be less important and thus more animals will have improved prospects of gaining access to the fodder.Tilskottsutfodring av rådjur (Capreolus capreolus L) med sent skordat ho. En pilotstudie.Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: I avsikt att, for rådjur, oka mångden tillgångligt foder under vintertid, skordades och håssjades ho i borjan av november under tre på varandra foljande år. Hoet fros torn och holl sig fårskt alla vintrarna. Forstå vintern med mycket sno konsumerades huvuddelen av hoet medan de två foljande milda vintrarna konsumptionen var låg och selektiv. Mångden råprotein i hoet var lågt (3.5 — 8.4 % i torrsubstans). Innehållet av omsåttbar energi beråknad från digestion in vitro var 3.5 — 5.6 MJ per kg torrsubstans. Våmvåtska från rådjur under en mild vinter gav lagra in vitro digestion ån våmvåtska från ordinårt utfodrade får. Vårdet av det mycket sent skordade hoet for rådjur diskuteras med utgångspunkt från djurens behov, såsongmåssiga adaption, energi- och proteininnehåll i hoet, vattenkonsumtion och normala beteende. Resultatén pekar på att, sent skordat ho kan vara låmpligare ån på normal tid skordat ho eller kraftfoder att hjålpa rådjur att overleva perioder med svåra vinterforhållanden. Med sent skordat och håssjat ho, vilket gjorts tillgångligt på ett flertal utfodringsplatser, minskar riskerna for våmindigestion och dehydrering, forenade med en mer hogvårdig utfodring, samtidigt som djurens inbordes rangordning blir mindre betydelsefull. Det senare innebarande att fler djur får tillgång till fodret

The influence of stress on substrate utilization in skeletal muscle fibres of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L)

Moderate stress in connection with handling, sampling and herding of reindeer caused a very pronounced depletion of glycogen in mainly type IIA and IIB fibres. Also intramuscular triglyceride levels decreased but mainly in type I fibres. Muscle lactate levéls increased in all animals but not to the levels found in pigs exposed to stress or exertion. Reindeer muscles appeared to have a great capacity to oxidize both carbohydrates and lipids. All animals showed increased Cortisol, urea and AS AT values. A marked depletion of glycogen and lipids in many of the fibres may be a factor involved in the development of skeletal muscle degeneration in connection with mental stress and exertion as there seems to be a correlation between high ASAT values and substrate depleted musclefibres. A connection may therefore exist between high instramuscular substrate stores and the ability of a muscle to tolerate stress.Av stress påverkat substratutnyttjande i skelettmuskelfibrer hos renAbstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: Måttlig stress betingad av hantering, provtagning och drivning av ren orsakade en mycket kraftig minskning av muskelglykogen i fråmst typ IIA och typ IIB fibrer. Aven triglycerider minskade framfor allt i typ I fibrer. Muskellaktatnivåerna okade i samtliga undersokta djur, men inte till nivåer som ses hos gris utsatta for stress eller fysisk anstrångning.Renens muskler uppvisade en mycket hog kapacitet att oxidera, forbranna, både kolhydrat och fett. Alla djur uppvisade forhojda Cortisol, urea och ASAT varden. Den mycket kraftiga tomningen av kolhydrat och fett i många muskelfibrer kan vara en faktor medverkande till muskeldegeneration i samband med mental stress och anstrangning då hoga ASAT-vården synes vara korrelerade till uttomda muskelfibrer. Ett samband mellan hog instramuskulår substratupplagring och formåga att tåla stress kan således foreligga.Stressin vaikuttaneen poron substraattihyvåk-sikåytto luurangon lihaksiston kuiduissa.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Kohtuullinen stressi edellyttåen kåsittelyå, kokeenottoa ja poronajoa aiheutti hyvin voimakkaan lihasglykogeenin våhentymisen etenkin II A ja II B tyyppisisså fiibereisså. Myoskin triglyseriidit våhentyivåt kaikissa tutkituissa elåimissa, muttei kuitenkaan niihin tasoihin asti kuin sijoissa, jotka ovat joutuneet alttiiksi stressiin tai fyysilliseen rasitukseen. porojen lihakset osoittivat hyvin korkeaa kapasiteettia sekå hiilihydraatin ettå rasvan palamiseen. Kaikki elåimet osoittivat kohonnutta cortisoolin, urean ja ASATin arvoa. Hyvin voimakas hiilihydraatin ja rasvan tyhjentyminen monissa lihaskuiduissa voi olla vaikutin lihasrappeutumiseen henkisen stressin ja rasituksen yhteydesså, jolloin korkea ASAT-arvo nåyttåå olevan vastaavuussuhteessa tyhjentyneisiin lihaskuituihin. Lihaksiston korkean substraattivarastoimisin ja stressin sietokyvyn suhde voi siis olla olemassa

Klossiella cobayae associated With Chronic Interstitial Nephritis in Guinea Pigs

Infection with the renal coccidian parasite K. cobayae was detected in 6 conventionally kept Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs, submitted for routine health monitoring at The National Veterinary Intsitute, Uppsala. Chronic inflammatory lesions were microscopically observed in the kidneys and the lungs of all animals

Health monitoring of purpose bred laboratory rabbits in Sweden: Major findings

Post-mortem examinations were performed on groups of 12 rabbits from nine colonies. The most frequent pathological changes found were chronic inflammatory processes in lungs and intestines. Bordetella bronchiseptica was frequently isolated and Pasteurella spp. were not observed. Most cases of enteritis were associated with Eimeria spp., but Trichomonas spp. and Coronaviruses were also noticed. The pinworm Passalums ambiguus was found in seven groups and the nematode Trichostrongylus retortaeformis in one. Rabbits from five colonies evidenced hepatic coccidiosis. Among ectoparasites, Cheyletiellaparasitivorax was found in seven groups and Listrophorus gibbus in four. The ear mite Psoroptes cuniculii was recorded in two groups. One rabbit exhibited Encephalitozoon cum'culi antibodies and another one Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Among other findings, the ascending aorta and are displayed calcified plaques in eight rabbits from three colonies and the appendiceal lymphoid tissues evidenced multinucleated giant cells in adult rabbits of three groups. A good correlation was found between the health of the rabbits and the hygienic standards at the colonies

Remote blood collection in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L): a preliminary study

Automatic blood sampling equipment (ABSE) was used successfully to collect blood samples from two reindeer. During blood sampling, two methods of restraint were applied which caused no short term changes in plasma concentrations of urea, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase or total protein. Plasma Cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated by the two restraint techniques. The value of ABSE in studies of stress in reindeer is discussed

A deworming field trial with ivermectin (MSD) in reindeer

This paper is to be regarded as a follow-up under field conditions of Nordkvist et al. (1983) as far as ivermectin is concerned. 54 reindeer calves (29 males + 25 females), as far as possible of normal size, were selected November 15th, 1982 from a reindeer herd belonging to Maskaure sameby, Arvidsjaur. The calves were individually branded, by means of ear tags and weighed. 29 calves (15 males + 14 females) were treated with ivermectin (Ivomec 1% MSD) at a dose rate of 1 ml per calf (roughly corresponding to 200 meg ivermectin per kg body weight), subcutaneous injection. Remaining 25 calves (14 males + 11 females) served as untreated controls. The entire group of calves was then returned to the herd for free grazing during winter. During the winter 3 treated calves were found dead, all three of them had been suffering from keratoconjunctivitis. If any of the control animals had succumbed during the same time is not known. On April 21st, 1983 (approx. 150 days post treatment) 44 calves (24 treated + 20 controls) were weighed. 5 treated and 5 controls were randomly selected for slaughter. Carcasses and organs were thoroughly examined from a parasitological and, as far as lungs were concerned, pathological point of view. The efficacy of the treatment was 100(M> or nearly 100% against Oedemagena tarandi, Cephenemyia trompe, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, and nematode eggs in faeces. The efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes was, probably due to date of treatment, somewhat difficult to judge (Tab 1). A statistical analysis of the weight changes, relative to initial weights, (Tab. 2) supports the statements — that all animals had lost weight — that treated males had lost significantly less of their body weights than control males — That weight change of treated females did not differ significantly from that of control females — that the average weight loss of the entire treated group was significantly less than that of the control group.Ett fältavmaskningsförsök med ivermectin (MSD) på renar.Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: 54 renkalvar (29 m + 25 f) såvitt mojligt av normal storlek, utvaldes den 25 november 1982 ur en renhjord tillhorig Maskaure sameby, Arjeplog. Kalvarna mdividmårktes med oronknappar och vågdes. Av dessa behandlades 29 kalvar (15 0*0" + 14 $9) med ivermectin (Ivomec, 1% MSD), 1 ml per kalv, subkutan injektion. Resterande 25 kalvar fungerade som obehandlade kontrolldjur. Den 21 april 1983 (efter 147 dagar) vågdes ånyo 44 (24 behandlade + 20 kontroller) av de ursprungliga djuren. 5 renar i vardera gruppen slaktades och kropp och organ undersoktes parasitologiskt. Effekten av behandlingen var 100% eller nåstintill mot Oedemagena tarandi, Cephenemyia trompe, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Elaphostrongulus rangiferi samt vad gällde forekomsten av nematodågg i tracken. Effekten på mag-tarmnematoder var, med hånsyn till behandlingstidpunkten, svårbedomd. Effekten på trichostrongylida lopmagsmaskar var också svårbedomd och diskuteras i texten. Den relativa forandringen av renarnas kroppsvikt, dvs forandringen i forhållande till ursprungsvikten, har beråknats och statistiskt bearbetats. Det kunde då konstateras — att samtliga renar hade forlorat i vikt — att den genomsnittliga viktforlusten hos de behandlade hankalvarna var signifikant lågre ån hos de obehandlade hankalvarna — att den genomsnittliga viktforlusten hos de behandlade honkalvarna ime skiljde sig statistiskt från viktforlusten hos de obehandlade honkalvarna — att den genomsnittliga viktforlusten i hela den behandlade gruppen var signifikant lagre ån i den obehandlade gruppen.Kenttätutkimus porojen matokuurista Ivermectinillä (MSD).Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Arjeplogissa Maskauren lappalaiskylåån kuuluvasta porotokasta valittiin 25. marraskuuta 1982 54 porovasaa (29 m + 25 f) mikåli mahdollista normaalikokoa. Vasat yksilomerkittiin korvanastoilla ja punnittiin. Nåistå kåsiteltiin 29 vasaa (15 m + 14 f) ivermectinillå (Ivomec, 1 % MSD), 1 ml vasaa kohden, ruiskutcttuna nahan alle. Loput 25 vasaa toimivat kåsittelemåttominå tarkkailuelåiminå. 21 huhtikuuta 1983 (147 påivån jålkeen) punnittiin uudelleen 44 (24 kåsiteltyå + 20 tarkkailuelåintå) alkuperåisistå elåimistå. Joka ryhmåstå teurastettiin 5 poroa ja ruho ja sisåelimet tutkittiin parasitoloogisesti. Kåsittelyn vaikutus oli 100% tai låhes tåydellinen seuraavia kohtaan: Oedemagena tarandi, Cephenemyia trompe, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Elapohostrongylus rangiferi sekå myoskin mitå tulee matojen munien esiintymiseen sonnassa. Vaikutus maha - ja suolistomatoihin oli, kåsittelyn ajankohdan huomioonottaen, vaikeasti ratkaistavissa. Vaikutus juoksutusmahoihin (trichostrongylida) oli myos vaikeasti ratkaistavissa ja siitå keskustellaan tekstisså. Porojen ruhojen painon suhteellinen muutos, t.s. muutos suhteessa alkuperåispainoon on arvioitu ja tilastollisesti kåsitelty. Voitiin silloin todeta — ettå kaikki porot olivat kevcntyneet painossaan, — ettå kåsiteltyjen urosvasojen keskimååråinen painonvåhennys oli merkitsevåsti alhaisempi kuin kåsittelemåttomien urosvasojen, — ettå kåsiteltyjen naarasvasoien keskimååråinen painonvåhennys ei eronnut tilastollistesti kåsittelemåttomien naarasvasojen painonvåhennyksestå, — ettå koko kåsitellyn ryhmån keskimååråinen painonvåhennys oli merkitsevåsti alhaisempi kuin kåsittelemåttomåsså ryhmåsså

Pathology of acute and subchronic nitrate poisening in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L)

The pathology of nitrate poisoning by forest fertilizers to reindeer was studied. The post mortem picture differed with substance, dose and time of exposure. Animals that died from acute ammonium nitrate intoxication had lesions similar to those found in acute ammonium and nitrate poisoning in sheep and cattle, without developing methaemoglobinemia. The animal that died from acute sodium nitrate poisoning probably died from acute collapse of the blood pressure without developing methaemoglobinemia and without any significant post mortem lesions. Animals dead of subchronic sodium nitrate poisoning all developed methaemoglobinemia. Animals dead within 24 hours only revealed subserous haemorrhages in the pleura and haemorrhages in musculus longissimus costarum and musculus longissimus dorsi. Similar pleural and muscular haemorrhages were also found in animals that died 60 - 200 hours after exposure but in these animals were also found what is considered common lesions in connection with nitrate/nitrite posoning; i.e. discolorated and poorly clotted blood, cardiac hamorrhages etc. The constant finding of these pleural and muscular haemorrhages may indicate almost pathognomonic lesions, in reindeer, in connection with nitrate poisoning of subchronic and chronic nature. The two animals that died from voluntarily drinking ammonium-nitrate dissolved in water developed lesions indicative of a combined effect of ammonium and nitrate poisoning. Patologin vid akut och subkronisk nitratforgiftning hos ren (Rangifer tarandus L) Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: Patologin vid nitratforgiftning, orsakad av skogsgodselmedel, hos ren har undersokts. Obduktionsbilden varierade med godselmedel, dosering och exponeringstid. Djuren som dog av akut ammoniumnitratforgiftning uppvisade likartade forandringar som ses vid akut ammonium-och nitratforgiftning hos får och notkreatur. Inget av djuren utvecklade methaemoglobinemi. Det djur som dog av akut natriumnitratforgiftning dog troligen av en akut blodtryckskollaps utan att utveckla methaemoglobinemi. Djur vilka dog av subkronisk natriumnitratforgiftning utvecklade alla methaemoglobinemi. Djuren som dog inom 24 timmar uppvisade enbart subserosa Modningar i pleura och blodningar i musculus longissimus costarum och musculus longissimus dorsi. Liknande blodningar i pleura och samma muskler sigs också hos djur som dog 60 - 200 timmar efter exposition. Hos dessa djur sågs emellertid också forhindringar som anses vanliga i samband med nitrat/nitritforgiftning såsom, missfårgat dåligt koagulerat blod, blodningar i hjårtat etc. Det genomgående fyndet av dessa blodningar i pleura och dorsala rygg- brostmuskler, hos ren, i samband med nitratforgiftning av subkronisk eller kronisk karaktår, ar en indikation på synbarligen patognomoniska forandringar. De två djur som dog efter att frivilligt ha druckit ammoniumnitrat lost i vatten utvecklade forandringar tydande pi en kombinerad effekt av ammonium- och nitratforgiftning. Poron (Rangifer tarandus L) åkillisen subkroonisen nitraattimyrkytyksen patologia. Abstract in Finnsih / Yhteenveto: Tutkittiin metsånlannoitteiden aiheuttaman nitraattimyrkytyksen patologiaa poroissa. Ruumiinavau-skuva vaihteli lannoitteesta, annostuksesta ja altistamisajasta riippuen. Akilliseen ammoniumnitraattimyrkytykseen kuolleissa elaimisså muutokset olivat samankaltaisia kuin lampaiden ja nautojen akillisessa ammonium ja nitraattimyrkytyksessa. Yhteenkaån elåimeen ei kehittynyt methemoglobinemiaa. Eras akilliseen natriumnitraattimyrkytykseen kuollut elain menehtyi luultavasti akilliseen verenpainekollapsiin ilman methemoglobinemian kehittymista. Kaikkiin subkrooniseen natriumnitraattimyrkytykseen kuolleisiin elåimiin kehittyi methemoglobinemia. Kahden-kymmenenneljån tunnin sisalla kuolleissa elaimisså ilmeni ainoastaan rintakalvonalaisia verenvuotoja sekå verenvuotoja Musculus longissimus costarumissa ja M. longissimus dorsissa. Samankaltaisia verenvuotoja rintakalvossa ja samoissa lihaksissa nåhtiin myos niisså elaimisså, jotka kuolivat 60 - 200 tuntia altistamisen jålkeen. Nåisså elaimisså havaittiin kuitenkin myos nitraatti/nitriittimyrkytyksen yhteydesså tavallisina pidettåviå muutoksia kuten våriltåån muuttunut ja huonosti hyytynyt veri, verenvuotoja sydåmesså jne. Porojen subkroonisessa tai kroonisess nitraattimyrkytyksesså såånnollisenå loydoksenå tavatut verenvuodot rintakalvossa ja ylemmåsså selkårintalihaksistossa viittaavat siihen, ettå muutokset ilmeisesti ovat tålle myrkytykselle ominaisia. Niihin kahteen elaimeen, jotka kuolivat juotuaan vapaaehtoisesti veteen liuotettua ammoniumnitraattia, kehittyi ammonium - ja nitraattimyrkytyksen yhteisvaikutukseen viittaavia muutoksia

A comparative study on the efficacy of four anthelmintics on some important reindeer parasites

Four anthelmintic preparations were tested against some of the most important parasites of reindeer, i.e. warble fly (Oedemagena tarandi), nostril fly (Cephenemyia trompe), brainworm (Elaphostrongylus rangiferi), and lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus). Their efficacy against intestinal nematodes was also registered. Test drugs were Fenthion (Bayer), Fenbendazole (Hoechst), Mebendazole (Janssen), and Ivermectin (Merk Sharp & Dohme). Against O. tarandi and C. trompe Ivermectin was 100% effective and Fenthion 86 and 100% respectively. The efficacy of Fen- and Mebendazole against these parasites was not significant. Against E. rangiferi the benzimidazole compounds were highly effective, with Mebendazole a bit ahead. Ivermectin had a moderate effect and Fenthion had no effect on this parasite. Against D. viviparus Fenbendazole, Mebendazole and Ivermectin were of equal, moderate-high effectiveness. No drug had a complete effect on the «arrested» larvae of D. viviparus. Fenthion had no effect at all. Fenbendazole and Ivermectin were both 100% effective against intestinal nematodes. Mebendazole was less effective and Fenthion had no effects. Ivermectin is considered to be the overall most effective anthelmintic in this test.En jamforande studie av effekten av fyra anthelmintika mot några betydelsesfulla parasiter hos ren.Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: Fyra antiparasitmedel har prôvats mot några av renens viktigaste parasiter, nàmligen hudkorm (Oedemagena tarandi), svalgkorm (Cephenemyia trompe), hjårnmask (Elaphostrongylus rangiferi) och lungmask (Dictyocaulus viviparus). Vidare har medlens effekt på mag- tarmnematoder (Trichostongylider) också noterats. De prôvade medicinerna var Fenthion (Bayer), Mebendazole (Leo/Janssen), Fenbendazole (Hoechst) och Ivermectin (Merck Sharp & Dohme). Mot hud- och svalgkorm var Ivermectin 100% effektivt medan for Fenthion effekten var 86 resp 100%. Effekten av Fen- och Mebendazole mot de båda parasiterna var inte signifikant. Mot hjårnmask noterades mycket hôg effekt av Mebendazole och aven Fenbendazole medan Ivermectin hade något såmre effekt med den valda doseringen. Fenthion hade ingen effekt på denna parasit. Mot lungmask visade Fenbendazole och Ivermectin god effekt medan Mebendazole visade något lagre effekt. Inget av preparaten hade dock fullgod verkan på de vilande inaktiva 5:te stadiets larverna av denna parasit. Fenthion hade ingen effekt. Mot mag-tarmnematoder var Fenbendazole och Ivermectin 100% effektiva medan Mebendazole hade en något làgre, delvis undertryckande effekt. Fenthion hade ingen effekt. Ivermectin får anses vara det allmånt sett effektivaste maskmedlet i denna undersokning.Vertailevatutkielma neljan loislaakeaineen vaikutuksesta muutamia tarkeita porojen loisia vastaan.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: On kokeiltu neljaa loislaakeainetta muutamia porojen tarkeinpia loisia vastaan, nimittain kurmua (Oedemagena tarandi), saulakkaa (Cephenemyia trompe), aivomatoa (Elaphostrongylus rangiferi) ja keuhkomatoa (Dictyocaulus viviparus). Edelleen on laakeaineiden vaikutus maha- ja suolistomatoihin (Trichostrongyliidit) myoskin pantu merkille. Kokeillut laakeaineet olivat Fenthion (Bayer), Mebendazole (Leo/Janssen), Fenbendazole (Hoechst) ja Ivermectin (Merck - Sharp and Dohme). Kurmua ja saulakkaa vastaan oli Ivermectin 100% tehokas, kun taas Fenthionin vaikutus oli toisessa 86 ja toisessa 100%. Fen- ja Mebendazolen vaikutus molempia loisia vastaan ei ollut merkittava. Mebendazolen ja myos Fenbendazolen vaikutus aivomatoa vastaan havaittiin hyvin korkeaksi, kun taas Ivermectinilla oli jonkin verran huonompi vaikutus valitulla annostuksella. Fenthionilla ei ollut mitaan vaikutusta tata loista vastaan. Keuhkomatoa vastaan osoitti Fenbendazole ja Ivermectin hyvan vaikutuksen, kun taas Mebendazolella oli jonkin verran heikompi vaikutus. Kuitenkaan ei millaan laakevalmisteista ollut taystehokasta vaikutusta taman loisen lepaaviin tehottomiin 5:asteen toukkiin. Fenthionilla ei ollut mitaan vaikutusta. Fenbendazole ja Ivermectin maha- ja suolistomatoja vastaan olivat 100% tehokkaita, kun taas Mebendazolella oli jonkin verran alhaisempi, osittain vaimentava vaikutus. Fenthionilla ei ollut mitaan vaikutusta

A pilot study: Digestion inhibiting effect of silver birch in moose

A pilot study: Digestion inhibiting effect of silver birch in moos

Pre-slaughter handling of reindeer bulls {Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) — effects on technological and sensory meat quality, blood metabolites and muscular and abomasal lesions

Forty-one reindeer bulls (age 1 1/2 years) were subjected to different pre-slaughter treatments: herding for a short distance to a grazing corral, selection by use of a lasso, lorry transport and helicopter herding for 1, 2 and 3 days respectively. As control, 9 reindeer were shot without previous handling (in the mountains). The results indicated the traditional selection technique of using a lasso to be the most stressful and glycogen-depleting handling procedure so far studied. In the lasso-selected reindeer the lowest glycogen values and the highest ultimate pH values in the meat were measured. The values of the measured parameters indicating stress (aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), urea, Cortisol and abomasal lesions) were also highest in these reindeer. By contrast, the modern method of herding by helicopter was not found to be detrimental to glycogen content, ultimate pH, the measured blood metabolites, or the frequency of abomasal lesions. In all treatment groups degenerative lesions were observed in the skeletal muscles. No relarionship between technological and sensory meat quality characteristics and skeletal muscle lesions in reindeer could, however, be found in this study. The study confirmed an earlier finding that a 'stress-flavour' could develop in reindeer meat after intensive pre-slaughter handling of the animals. Further study of when and how such "stress-flavour" develops ought to be undertaken