Cholestase bij pasgeborenen als gevolg van parenterale voeding

Toediening van totale parenterale voeding (TPN) aan pasgeborenen is geassocieerd met het ontstaan van cholestase. Ondanks intensief onderzoek zijn de pathofysiologische mechanismen slechts gedeeltelijk opgehelderd. In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op de huidige inzichten in de risicofactoren die geassocieerd zijn met TPN-cholestase bij pasgeborenen, de specifieke bestanddelen en deficiënties van TPN die cholestase kunnen veroorzaken, de mogelijke relatie met de ‘fysiologische cholestase van de pasgeborene’, die de pasgeborene kwetsbaarder maakt voor potentieel hepatotoxische stoffen, en de transportsystemen in de levercelmembraan die betrokken zijn bij galvorming. De hypothese dat ‘cholestatische galzuren’ een rol spelen in de etiologie van TPN-cholestase en de therapeutische mogelijkheden worden besproken.Administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to neonates is associated with the occurrence of cholestasis. Despite intensive research, the pathophysiological mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this review we describe the present insights into the risk factors for the development of TPN-associated cholestasis, the specific components or lack of components (deficiencies) in TPN that can cause cholestasis, the possible correlation with 'physiologic cholestasis of the neonate', which makes the infant more susceptible for potentially hepatotoxic compounds, and the transport systems in the liver cell membrane which are involved in bile formation. The hypothesis that 'cholestatic bile salts' play a role in the etiology of TPN-related cholestasis and the therapeutic options will be discussed.</p

Long-term Outcome Following Thrombembolectomy in the Upper Extremity

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate short- and long-term mortality and morbidity in patients that were treated for acute upper extremity ischemia.DesignSingle center retrospective study.PatientsA consecutive series of 148 patients who were admitted with a diagnosis of acute ischemia of the upper extremity during an 11-year period.MethodsAll charts were reviewed retrospectively and 96% of all survivors participated in clinical follow-up.ResultsThe median age was 78 years and 64% of patients were females. The 30-day mortality was 8% and the overall 5-year survival 37%. The observed mortality during the follow-up period was significantly higher than expected. Survival was not significantly different in patients who received anticoagulant drugs following discharge from the hospital. The duration of ischemia did not significantly influence long-term arm-function.ConclusionsAcute embolic episodes in the upper extremity primarily occur in elderly and the peri-operative mortality is high. Mortality following discharge from the hospital remains significantly higher than that of the background population

Intelligent Monitoring System for Bird Behavior Study

Until now, the best way to obtain relevant information about the behaviour of animals is capturing them. However, the procedure to capture individuals cause them stress and introduces an effect on the measurement that can affect the behaviour of the animals. To solve this problems this paper describes a novel intelligent motoring system for birds breeding in nest boxes. This system is based in a network of smart-nest boxes that allows access to the acquired data all over the world through internet. A prototype of the proposed system has been implemented for the evaluation of a lesser kestrel breeding colony in Southern Spain. This prototype has offered in a short time more valuable information that several years of manual captures. This prototype has demonstrated that the proposed system allows short and log time animal behaviour evaluation without interferences or causing stress.Junta de Andalucía P06-RNM-01712Junta de Andalucía P06-RNM-04588Junta de Andalucía P07-TIC-02476Junta de Andalucía TIC-570

Signalling and the Evolution of Cooperative Foraging in Dynamic Environments

Understanding cooperation in animal social groups remains a significant challenge for evolutionary theory. Observed behaviours that benefit others but incur some cost appear incompatible with classical notions of natural selection; however, these behaviours may be explained by concepts such as inclusive fitness, reciprocity, intra-specific mutualism or manipulation. In this work, we examine a seemingly altruistic behaviour, the active recruitment of conspecifics to a food resource through signalling. Here collective, cooperative behaviour may provide highly nonlinear benefits to individuals, since group functionality has the potential to be far greater than the sum of the component parts, for example by enabling the effective tracking of a dynamic resource. We show that due to this effect, signalling to others is an evolutionarily stable strategy under certain environmental conditions, even when there is a cost associated to this behaviour. While exploitation is possible, in the limiting case of a sparse, ephemeral but locally abundant nutrient source, a given environmental profile will support a fixed number of signalling individuals. Through a quantitative analysis, this effective carrying capacity for cooperation is related to the characteristic length and time scales of the resource field

Sexual Size Dimorphism and Body Condition in the Australasian Gannet

Funding: The research was financially supported by the Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment. Acknowledgments We thank the Victorian Marine Science Consortium, Sea All Dolphin Swim, Parks Victoria, and the Point Danger Management Committee for logistical support. We are grateful for the assistance of the many field volunteers involved in the study.Peer reviewedPublisher PD